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Matveev, a quandle \\(X\\) is a groupoid with an operation \\(*\\) and the axioms: NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEI. Idempotency: for \\(\\forall a\\in X\\), \\(a*a=a\\); NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEII. Right-invertibility: for \\(\\forall a,b\\in X,\\) there is \\(c\\in X\\) such that \\(a=c*b,\\) and NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEIII. Self-distributivity: for \\(\\forall a,b,c\\in X,\\) we have \\((a*b)*c=(a*c)*(b*c).\\) NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEA rack is a groupoid with operation that satisfies the axioms (II) and (III). Examples: 1. The trivial quandle is any set \\(X\\) with operation \\(x*y=x\\) for \\(\\forall x,y\\in X.\\) 2. The dihedral quandle \\(R_n\\) is the set \\(R_n=\\{ 0,1,\\ldots ,n-1\\}\\) with operation \\(i*j=2j-1.\\) For racks or quandles \\(X\\) there exists the chain complex \\(\\{C^R_n(X),\\partial_n\\},\\) where \\(C^R_n(X)\\) is the free abelian group generated by \\(n\\)-tuples \\((x_1, \\dots ,x_n)\\), \\(x_i\\in X\\), \\(i=1,\\dots ,n\\) and the differential \\(\\partial_n:C^R_n(X)\\to C^R_{n-1}(X)\\) defined by the formulas NEWLINE\\[NEWLINE\\begin{multlined}\\partial_n(x_1,x_2,\\dots,x_n)=\\\\ = \\sum_{i=2}^n(-1)^i[(x_1,x_2,\\dots ,x_{i-1},x_{i+1},\\dots , x_n)-(x_1*x_i,x_2*x_i,\\dots, x_{i-1}*x_i,x_{i+1}\\dots ,x_n)]\\end{multlined} NEWLINE\\]NEWLINE for \\(n\\geq 2\\) and \\(\\partial_n=0\\) for \\(n\\leq 1.\\) The sub-complex \\(C^D_n(X)\\) is generated by \\(n\\)-tuples \\((x_1, \\dots ,x_n)\\) with \\(x_i=x_{i+1}\\) for some \\(i\\in\\{1,\\dots ,n-1\\}\\) if \\(n\\geq 2\\); otherwise \\(C^D_n(X)=0.\\)NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEFor an abelian group \\(G,\\) let \\(C^W_*(X,G),C^*_W(X,G)\\), \\(W=R,D\\) be the complexes \\(C^W_*(X,G)=C^W_*(X)\\otimes G\\), \\(C^*_W(X,G)= \\Hom(C^W_*(X),G)\\) and \\(C^Q_*(X,G)=C^R_*(X,G)/C^D_*(X,G),\\) \\(C^*_Q(X,G)=\\) \\(\\Hom (C^Q_*(X),G)\\). The rack (quandle, degeneration) homology \\(H_n^R(X,G)\\) (\\(H_n^Q(X,G)\\),\\break \\(H_n^D(X,G)\\)) is the homology \\(H_n(C_*^R(X,G))\\) \\((H_n(C_*^Q(X,G)),H_n(C^D_*(X,G)))\\) of the corresponding complexes. The Betti number \\(\\beta_n^W(X)\\), \\(W=D,R,Q\\) is the rank of the homology groups \\(H_n^W(X,\\mathbb Z).\\)NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINESimilarly the rack (quandle, degeneration) cohomology is defined.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEFor defined homology and cohomology, the following properties are proved:NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE The short exact sequence of the complexes \\(0\\to C^D_*(X,G)\\to C^R_*(X,G)\\to C^Q_*(X,G)\\to 0\\) generates the long exact sequence of homology groups; the ordinary universal coefficient theorems hold. Examples of the calculations of the homology and cohomology groups for the trivial and dihedral quandle are given. If a quandle \\(X\\) allows an epimorphism on the trivial quandle with \\(m\\) elements then the following lower bounds for Betti numbers \\(\\beta_n^D(X)\\geq m^n-m(m-1)^{n-1}\\), \\(\\beta_n^R(X)\\geq m^n\\), \\(\\beta_n^Q(X)\\geq m(m-1)^{n-1}\\) are proved. For dihedral quandles, some specialization of these inequalities is given. For a coloring with elements of a finite quandle \\(X\\) of all over-arcs of a knot diagram (or a virtual knot diagram) and a quandle 2-cocycle of the \\(X\\) is defined the state-sum knot (or virtual knot) invariant. This invariant depends only on the cohomology class of the quandle 2-cocycle. 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