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\\(f: X\\to Y\\) be a map. Then by composition \\(f\\) induces the function \\(f_*:[A, X]\\to [A,Y]\\) between the homotopy classes where \\(A\\) is any space. If \\(A\\) runs through the collection of spheres, then \\(f_*\\) is the induced homomorphism between the homotopy groups. In general, let \\(F\\) be a collection of topological spaces, then the homotopy class \\([f]\\in [X,Y]\\) is called \\(F\\)-trivial if \\(f_*= 0:[A, X]\\to [A,Y]\\) for all \\(A\\in F\\). Denote by \\(Z_F(X, Y)\\subseteq [X,Y]\\) the subset of all \\(F\\)-trivial homotopy classes in \\([X; Y]\\). If \\(F= P\\) the collection of all finite-dimensional complexes, then \\(Z_P(X, Y)\\) is exactly the collection of maps known under the name phantom maps. So one may think of \\(Z_F(X, Y)\\) as a generalization of phantom maps.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe authors first study general properties of \\(Z_F(X, Y)\\) sets. In particular, for collections: \\(S=\\text{the}\\) collection of spheres; \\(M=\\text{the}\\) the collection of Moore spaces; \\(\\Sigma=\\) the collection of suspensions the following relation holds: \\(Z_\\Sigma(X, Y)\\subseteq Z_M(X, Y)\\subseteq Z_S(X, Y)\\), and they show that there are finite complexes \\(X\\) and \\(Y\\) for which these inclusions are strict. If \\(X= Y\\), then the composition of \\(F\\)-trivial homotopy classes imposes a semigroup with zero structure on \\(Z_F(X)= Z_F(X,X)\\). It turns out that for a finite-dimensional complex \\(X\\), the semigroups \\(Z_S(X)\\), \\(Z_M(X)\\) and \\(Z_\\Sigma(X)\\) are nilpotent. The authors then introduce and study the nilpotency of \\(X\\text{ mod }F\\), denoted \\(t_F(X)\\) and defined as follows: If \\(X\\) is contractible, then \\(t_F(X)= 0\\), otherwise \\(t_F(X)\\) is the nilpotency of the semigroup \\(Z_F(X)\\). The nilpotency \\(\\text{mod }F\\) is a new numerical invariant of homotopy type. Since \\(S\\subset M\\subset\\Sigma\\) it holds \\(0\\leq t_\\Sigma(X)\\leq t_M(X)\\leq t_S(X)\\leq\\infty\\) for any space \\(X\\). But if \\(X\\) is of finite category, then \\(t_\\Sigma(X)\\) is bounded by the least integer greater than or equal to \\(\\log_2(\\text{cat}(X))\\). For an arbitrary collection \\(F\\) the nilpotency \\(\\text{mod }F\\) is related to another new numerical invariant \\(\\text{kl}_F(X)\\), called \\(F\\)-killing length of \\(X\\) and the following relation holds: \\(t_{F(X)}\\leq \\text{kl}_F(X)\\). \\(\\text{kl}_F(X)\\) is the least number of steps needed to go from \\(X\\) to a contractible space by successively attaching cones on wedges of spaces in \\(F\\). If \\(F\\) is closed under suspension, then \\(\\text{kl}_F(X)\\leq \\text{cl}_F(X)\\) where \\(\\text{cl}_F(X)\\) is called the \\(F\\)-cone length of \\(X\\) which is the least number of steps to go from a contractible space to \\(X\\). A sequence of calculations of \\(Z_F(X)\\) and \\(t_F(X)\\) is performed in the second part of the paper when \\(F= S\\), \\(M\\) or \\(\\Sigma\\) and \\(X\\) is a projective space (real, complex or quaternionic). Here is a sample result for complex projective space:NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE(a) \\(Z_F(CP^n)= 0\\) for each \\(n\\geq 1\\) and each \\(F= \\Sigma\\), \\(M\\) or \\(S\\);NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE(b) \\(Z_F(\\Sigma^n CP^2)= 0\\) for each \\(n\\geq 1\\) and each \\(F= \\Sigma\\), \\(M\\) or \\(S\\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINESome further calculations are given for \\(\\text{SU}(n)\\) and \\(\\text{Sp}(n)\\). A sample result:NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE(a) For \\(n\\geq 5\\), \\(Z_\\Sigma\\neq 0\\), and \\(2\\leq t_\\Sigma(\\text{SU}(n))\\leq\\) the least integer greater than or equal to \\(\\log_2(n)\\);NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINE(b) For \\(n\\geq 2\\), \\(Z_\\Sigma(\\text{Sp}(n))\\neq 0\\) and \\(2\\leq t_\\Sigma(\\text{Sp}(n))\\leq\\) the least integer greater than or equal to \\(2\\log_2(n+ 1)\\).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe paper concludes with a set of open problems.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5938059$0B26EEAA-8A48-4855-80E7-D62B961B861B","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"aed89e463ea88168ed5026e3291184cb519ed9e0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1862084,"id":"Q1862084"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9c96b4212434328eedc1ced9b1f9ed120173e52d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8025007247924805","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q5938059$AFA67C60-CA22-4790-9A09-E43F999F1D24","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b13df8f5b9db7d91d2f3f86800ea7914c6da2e49","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3419527,"id":"Q3419527"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9c96b4212434328eedc1ced9b1f9ed120173e52d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8025007247924805","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q5938059$6804C4A4-551A-4DCA-A232-70576B0F1A36","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"c0e90c6e79b68f5d9d941567a51d134e6907bf97","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":679799,"id":"Q679799"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"18e43860ce8a5185ec1660a93b8e3a38838314b5","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7793833017349243","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q5938059$89F40D94-276B-49FB-B32C-17D6AF95AE7C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1282a3f9608801608fa6f1dcc73c2eea972c244c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3146487,"id":"Q3146487"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"923d18307e9245ec18a1f487b6ab255ac914cc64","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7736142873764038","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q5938059$C49AB431-6A62-458F-9634-87B00EF74872","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"0d8f1de41e545a4606a95f3001dfe8e956867d6d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1311659,"id":"Q1311659"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"29a242e90d3a196b832f2e6a47e253a145ed09c2","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7541278600692749","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q5938059$871516F2-A85C-402F-83FA-6911CF3861BF","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:5938059","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:5938059"}}}}}