{"entities":{"Q5947445":{"pageid":8124247,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q5947445","lastrevid":47689627,"modified":"2026-01-02T10:54:06Z","type":"item","id":"Q5947445","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"A note on the null surface formulation of GR"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1661119"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$A7A4F145-F4D4-4E50-8B45-AFF46BF41ADD","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"0b3baca9e340811360023889353bdd74aabc8553","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"A note on the null surface formulation of GR","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$2CB0EE7B-07DC-4FFC-9254-34805E61BB16","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"4b7b2122a3e07e9ad7c209f41fb821eccba0a833","datavalue":{"value":"0989.83004","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$D1F3142E-ED3A-4EA5-B40B-4775331B9024","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"598e8dc64f79591420a0bab95382c765979c58a7","datavalue":{"value":"10.1023/A:1010232416114","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$B429C44C-B754-48D6-92BD-461158AB0FE3","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"57239b8c4887525b12a844e4b8e25f501e7c7e60","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":867586,"id":"Q867586"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$657EAC73-0A6B-4180-806C-51DF79EE5569","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"5ede15773d5cae3601e1836405f1764e26cdf905","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":173404,"id":"Q173404"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$CE2E4AA9-A2BE-4A6A-B5CC-57F5C50B1837","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"4596813155b5f871fa61ac7e439e59bead33caa7","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2002-07-24T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$83912561-F88D-4A4E-815E-1671A226ECE8","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"650c7c597a7346995e9bfebdf477d1ff2b60e4bc","datavalue":{"value":"This paper is devoted to General Relativity (GR). The interesting nature along with the structure of the singularities of wavefronts in a flat space-time is investigated. The null surface formulation of GR reformulates the classical theory in terms of two real functions \\(u=Z(x^a,\\zeta ,\\overline\\zeta)\\) and \\(\\Omega (x^a,\\zeta ,\\overline\\zeta)\\) on the bundle of null directions over the space-time manifold (locally \\(\\mathcal M\\)\\(\\times S^2\\)). The singularities of the arbitrary null surfaces are denoted as \\(Z(x^a,\\zeta ,\\overline\\zeta)=\\) const. The vacuum Einstein equations in terms of the quantities \\(\\Lambda (x^a,\\zeta ,\\overline\\zeta)\\equiv \\partial^2Z\\) and \\(\\overline\\Lambda (x^a,\\zeta ,\\overline\\zeta)\\equiv \\overline\\partial^2Z\\) and also \\(\\Omega (x^a,\\zeta ,\\overline\\zeta)\\), \\(q\\equiv 1-\\Lambda_{,1}\\overline\\Lambda_{,1}\\), \\(Q\\), \\(W\\) have the form: \\(D^2\\Omega =Q\\Omega \\), \\(\\partial \\Omega =(1/2)W\\Omega \\), \\(\\partial\\Lambda_{,1}-2\\Lambda_{,-}=[W+\\partial (\\ln q)]\\Lambda_{,1}\\), where \\(Q\\), \\(W\\) are functions of \\(q, \\Lambda_{,1}, \\overline\\Lambda_{,1},\\Lambda_{,-}, \\overline\\Lambda_{,-}\\) and their derivatives \\(D\\equiv \\theta_1^a\\partial_a=\\partial_1=\\partial /\\partial R\\), \\(\\partial_i\\Phi =\\theta_{,i}^a\\partial_a\\Phi =\\Phi_{,i}\\) (\\(i=0,+,-,1\\)).   Another interesting result in this paper is that the Minkowski space-time with non-trivial null surfaces is a solution of the null surface approach to GR.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$3F038C2B-15FD-4536-855A-3D04050944AD","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"fd50e051457c919fe63594ef979dbfad054b4fb2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":589893,"id":"Q589893"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$E6E9A185-4E5E-4D48-BED0-1BD7B14FBCC7","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"05e6d68ef527cc607ec5d5d38fcec03ec1b715e7","datavalue":{"value":"83C05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$037BCE99-109A-4094-8D0A-09737A905210","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"262af2b4d0f085a37c802c1b887ee2f9309c18be","datavalue":{"value":"83C75","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$4286D445-7EDD-4AAF-86CF-3221144B1FA1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"e97cad46ba2c45e05dbaf50f8a57d0621b3b9cbd","datavalue":{"value":"83C20","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$911BBBFE-F0A6-4C07-BE5C-5C9BD707DFAE","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"619558840495ad87a5c67428dccd1464423f7e54","datavalue":{"value":"1661119","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$A766681F-1EFE-4D51-8F03-B38E882F18AB","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"5eebc94f144a3ef1a724483ac980f0ab0c4a863e","datavalue":{"value":"flat space-time","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$F6A9261F-6542-40CF-940C-0F394914419F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"45654ded796fe099f44c4a50a2657b5129f00f50","datavalue":{"value":"null surface","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$E6C63DE4-9222-49B2-A521-CC588225A095","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"4def0a34e36fe6fed9b945b7f04aac34b6446f9b","datavalue":{"value":"general relativity","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$7008A8A5-1799-4883-8CFB-69B0E4E6B809","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$BDAE7C7B-1EC2-4BB7-9D88-7E9E9A03A9A7","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e8f1ec512c0a33ccf4608bd07823071a9556a1a8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4873369,"id":"Q4873369"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$764C95E0-E23A-4C07-B468-0081C1950DCB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"58a59d7537ee7b4042a33c900ec803699a09f530","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4873370,"id":"Q4873370"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$41E31434-A1EB-42DC-86D6-D60503A23E7E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"b56c8618ac0d80f6fa060960b0dbb1274af2755e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4873371,"id":"Q4873371"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$22976747-FBC3-43C7-912C-0A6764156B01","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"09682c5129dfe602e93bc63205394b3a5019e13d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4871947,"id":"Q4871947"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$32D0EB8E-8D7F-4B4F-8981-9BCEBF187AE6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"9269f6773528489faa1add10a8d14a8710094c9f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":417402,"id":"Q417402"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$D0EBD6E4-5585-4E6D-B611-234D01846AF9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"4af580485c9ac38fc7cd396298e3f6c58918c385","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4701722,"id":"Q4701722"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$D5B36055-A567-4585-86ED-9D3663DBB3E9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"4248922221116d6dc22694345db26fed238f910c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4701737,"id":"Q4701737"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$7A72DF92-06BC-42D3-A187-3B8A6C978A7F","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"ea45d8f04dfa3621a9ac0fcb1796b6e4864d7c73","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1010232416114","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$13455ADB-9628-43EF-801A-EEF48791EF18","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"da0976b0a6cc77e05381a32755e4e5fff8b1fb6c","datavalue":{"value":"W1651511434","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q5947445$02E1A5A4-474B-404B-ABBC-AC7D3784C4F4","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f640d59db2adf02462a94c667538dd78f60a33d2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2738188,"id":"Q2738188"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"93550d1f0cf29cfa1ddfb4c9beb48c3f7438b291","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8227139115333557","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q5947445$63D21C7E-38D5-409C-B2C2-293B29A024D2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"8849a83d6e48ab4c621c02dcb1b927838cdf09d5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4400529,"id":"Q4400529"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"67b81d4e1585685585894b80b13415cb5bfd2d2b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8162692189216614","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q5947445$B338150B-FF11-4273-A949-2127239ED7DE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a3960fbaf6dee9b6ba0ec8fbc5de4cae506dbbbb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3729636,"id":"Q3729636"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"67b81d4e1585685585894b80b13415cb5bfd2d2b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8162692189216614","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q5947445$073E5B89-4DDE-4425-9CB9-FDEACD5895B5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"4d8f4aeff168e0d99770fabcbe2142ef463e33b7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2738128,"id":"Q2738128"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"6ab7aaf82daa38e87c43383a710669cddf5e6a17","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8055195212364197","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q5947445$60E9EBBE-99D1-45C1-A43B-463B5B9E7161","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f3bffaf8a2c92d335132cb9787808e77faf5010f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4871947,"id":"Q4871947"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"728a694fe43c1d7f4f4da2a1032ebae7208769d2","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7961059212684631","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q5947445$FCB8DC90-3626-4805-8B5E-5004EB8FC3AF","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:5947445","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:5947445"}}}}}