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\\(X\\) denote a closed, connected, and oriented smooth 4-manifold. A homology class \\(\\xi \\in H_2(X,Z)\\) is called characteristic if its mod 2 reduction is Poincar\u00e9 dual to the second Stiefel-Whitney class. In [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 47, 1651-1657 (1961; Zbl 0107.40303)] \\textit{M. A. Kervaire} and \\textit{J. W. Milnor} showed that a necessary condition for a characteristic homology class to be represented by an embedded sphere is that \\(\\xi\\cdot \\xi \\equiv \\sigma(X) \\bmod {16},\\) where \\(\\sigma(X)\\) is the signature. This condition is not sufficient, however. For example, \\textit{V. A. Rokhlin} [Funct. Anal. Appl. 5, 39-48 (1971); translation from Funkts. Anal. Prilozh. 5, No. 1, 48-60 (1971; Zbl 0268.57019)] used the \\(G\\)-signature theorem to provide restrictions on the minimal genus of an embedded surface representing a given homology class. In particular, he showed that in \\(H_2(CP^2,Z),\\) the only classes \\(n\\gamma\\) which are represented by an embedded sphere with \\(\\gamma\\) a generator are when \\(n = 1,2.\\) More recently, gauge theory and Seiberg-Witten theory have been applied very successfully, with an initial triumph of Seiberg-Witten theory being the result of \\textit{P. B. Kronheimer} and \\textit{T. S. Mrowka} [Math. Res. Lett. 1, No. 6, 797-808 (1994; Zbl 0851.57023)] determining the minimal genus for each homology class in \\(H_2(CP^2,Z).\\) For a survey of the minimal genus problem, see the paper [Expo. Math 15, No. 5, 385-431 (1997; Zbl 0894.57013)] by the reviewer. Although the condition \\(\\xi \\cdot \\xi \\equiv \\sigma(X) \\bmod {16}\\) is not sufficient in general, \\textit{M. Freedman} and \\textit{R. Kirby} [Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 32, Part 2, 85-97 (1978; Zbl 0392.57018)] showed that it is sufficient stably in the simply connected case. This means that we can take sufficient connected sums with \\(S^2 \\times S^2\\) to form \\(X_k = X \\# k(S^2 \\times S^2)\\) and represent \\(\\xi \\in H_2(X_k) \\subset H_2(X_k)\\) by an embedded sphere when this congruence is satisfied. NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEIn this paper the result of Freedman and Kirby is generalized to the non-simply connected case. If a homology class is to be stably represented by an embedded sphere, then it must be in the image of \\(\\pi_2(X) \\to H_2(X,Z):\\) such classes are called spherical. The author proves: If \\(X\\) is a closed, connected and oriented smooth 4-manifold, then a characteristic spherical homology class \\(\\xi \\in H_2(X,Z)\\) can be stably represented by a smoothly embedded sphere iff \\(\\xi \\cdot \\xi \\equiv \\sigma(X) \\bmod {16}.\\) One difference between the problem in the simply connected case and the non-simply connected case is that if \\(F \\to M\\) is an embedding of a closed oriented surface, then \\(\\pi_1(F) \\to \\pi_1(X) \\) is automatically trivial for simply connected manifolds. In general, an embedding with \\(\\pi_1(F) \\to \\pi_1(X)\\) trivial is called a \\(\\pi_1\\)-null embedding, and one says that a homology class \\(\\xi \\in H_x(X,Z)\\) can be stably represented by a \\(\\pi_1\\)-null embedding if there is, for some \\(k \\in N,\\) a \\(\\pi_1\\)-null embedding \\(F \\to X_k\\) representing the class. A major step in proving the theorem above is the following result: A characteristic homology class of a closed, connected and oriented 4-manifold can be stably represented by a smooth \\(\\pi_1\\)-null embedding iff it is spherical. This result is proved using \\(Spin^c\\)-bordism theory within the framework of B-structures and \\textit{M. Kreck}'s stable diffeomorphism classification [Ann. Math. (2) 149, No. 3, 707-754 (1999; Zbl 0935.57039)]. The author also gives generalizations of these results to the locally flat topological case. In particular, he generalizes a result of \\textit{R. Lee} and \\textit{D. M. Wilczy\u0144ski} [Comment. Math. Helv. 65, No. 3, 388-412 (1990; Zbl 0723.57015)] proved in the simply connected case to show: Let \\(X\\) be a topological 4-manifold and let \\(\\xi \\in H_2(X,Z)\\) be a spherical and characteristic homology class. 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