{"entities":{"Q6101081":{"pageid":13235388,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q6101081","lastrevid":40882994,"modified":"2025-04-13T17:56:37Z","type":"item","id":"Q6101081","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Geometry and philosophy of mathematics in the 10th century. Mathematical works of al-Sijz\u012b. Volume II. Translated by the editors"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7698417"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6101081$CEDEF05A-A050-461C-AE1B-01630C9974E7","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"4414671659de7d3d001202f3a41e8e164c0db4a0","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Geometry and philosophy of mathematics in the 10th century. Mathematical works of al-Sijz\u012b. Volume II. Translated by the editors","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6101081$89E990B8-803A-4059-BAB9-8C87808DB9D0","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"a329776963482a70a2275e35e1f7b69ca798e89a","datavalue":{"value":"10.1515/9783111172668","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6101081$6EBAB986-7526-4B0E-8506-B3E8F36F232F","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"196b8ef56e7e2adf0560b35498103185c3787fb5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":396724,"id":"Q396724"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6101081$276C133E-F085-453B-9804-F327BAB19960","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"2b82aa14f69973fa1b25911e00f92c9fe2c2cbee","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6101081$38635A13-6D9D-4197-BDA1-02C0EE3C0D1C","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"3ef3dd16f870f998ffbe9bb0a46ec836d36c5ee5","datavalue":{"value":"The volume under review is the second dedicated by the authors to the writings of al-Sijz\u012b. While the initial volume delves into texts of geometry and number theory [\\textit{R. Rashed}, \u0152uvre math\u00e9matique d'al-Sijz\u012b. Vol. I. G\u00e9om\u00e9trie des coniques et th\u00e9orie des nombres au Xe si\u00e8cle. Louvain: \u00c9ditions Peeters (2004; Zbl 1208.01009)](, the second continues to center on geometry but also provides insights into the philosophy of al-Sijz\u012b.  Al-Sijz\u012b was a Persian mathematician (also an astronomer and astrologer), probably originated from \\textit{Sijistan} (Southeastern Iran), from the latter half of the 10th century. Pinpointing his life's timeline precisely is challenging (the authors take a closer look here), but his mathematical and astrological activities extended from the early 960s to the very beginning of the 11th century; he is a contemporary of al-B\u012br\u016bn\u012b, with whom he extensively exchanged ideas. He seems to owe much of his scientific grounding to his father, himself mathematician and astrologer. Al-Sijz\u012b undeniably belongs to the intellectual milieu flourishing under the \\textit{Buyid} dynasty (945--1055); he enjoyed the patronage of `A\u1e0dud al-Dawla (936--983). Al-Sijz\u012b demonstrates a deep familiarity with Greek geometry, particularly the works of Euclid, Archimedes, and Apollonius, as well as the geometry developed by his predecessors from Islamic countries such as Th\u0101bit ibn Qurra, al-`Al\u0101' ibn Sahl, Ab\u016b Sahl al-Q\u016bh\u012b, Abu al-J\u016bd ibn al-Layth, and al-\u1e25asan ibn M\u016bs\u0101 (whose treatise on Conics al-Sijz\u012b cites, now is lost). Al-Sijz\u012b also maintained significant correspondence with numerous mathematicians -- whose figure is more that of the enlightened amateur than that of the innovative mathematician (p.~16) --, which, among other things, would partially fuel his scientific production, as is the case with his \\textit{Anthology of Problems} (edited in the volume under review, see below), demonstrating the richness of mathematical reflections of his time.  Al-Sijz\u012b's scientific production is really abundant; the authors/editors list no fewer than 47 different titles, of which 35 are available today. All these titles are described in the introduction of the book under review (chapter 1, p.~20-32) according to several categories: ``general works on geometry, its objects, and its methods'' (2), ``writings related to the treatises of Euclid, Archimedes, and Apollonius'' (9), ``collections of problems'' (3), ``geometry of Conics'' (11), ``geometry with ruler and compass'' (20), and ``number theory'' (2). The dating and history of those texts follow.  The book under review contains precisely the critical edition of several of al-Sijz\u012b's writings in plane and solid geometry, thus significantly enriching research in the history and philosophy of mathematics. The volume is divided into four main chapters and appendices. All chapters are structured in the same way: a brief introduction guiding the reader to thematically contextualize the edited texts' production, the text edition (odd pages) with the French translation (even pages) facing it.  In Chapter 2, the editors focus on geometry in general with two texts: \\textit{al-madkhal il\u0101 `ilm al-handasa} [Introduction to Science of Geometry] (p.~52-197), in which al-Sijz\u012b explains to beginner researchers in geometry, for example, its objects, principles, extensions, and applications, and the \\textit{Ris\u0101la [...] f\u012b anna al-\u1e0dil` gha\u012br mush\u0101rik li-l-qu\u1e6dr} [Epistle on the Diagonal of the Square] (p.~200-213) concerning the ancient problem of the incommensurability of the diagonal with the side of the square. In reality, this latter text is, for al-Sijz\u012b, a pretext to address the classical opposition between direct proof and proof by contradiction.  In Chapter 3, the editors focus on four texts that position al-Sijz\u012b in relation to Euclid's \\textit{Elements}. Through those texts, al-Sijz\u012b demonstrates a fine knowledge of the Euclidean corpus, and of the \\textit{Elements} in particular. He is very interested in demonstrations (like many contemporary mathematicians and philosophers); for al-Sijz\u012b, this often means seeking alternative proofs to those of Euclid, or developing the Greek mathematician's proof further (for example, using the direct route where Euclid uses absurdity, considering figures neglected by Euclid, changing the order of propositions). This is what we find in the edited texts here. The \\textit{Bar\u0101h\u012bn kit\u0101b Uql\u012bdis f\u012b al-u\u1e63\u016bl} [Proofs of Euclid's book on the \\textit{Elements}] (p.~224-415) present 119 demonstrations for about fifty propositions of plane geometry (Books I, II, III, IV, VI, and XIII). The \\textit{Ris\u0101la [...] f\u012b \u1e25all al-shakk alladh\u012b f\u012b al-shakl al-th\u0101lith wa-l-`ishr\u012bn min al-maq\u0101la al-\u1e25\u0101diyya `shara min kit\u0101b Uql\u012bdis f\u012b al-u\u1e63\u016bl} [Epistle to resolve the doubt concerning proposition XI-23 of the \\textit{Elements}] (p.~418-437) concerning the solid angle, and the \\textit{Istidr\u0101k wa-shakk f\u012b al-shakl al-r\u0101bi` `ashar min al-maq\u0101la al-th\u0101niyya `ashara min kit\u0101b al-u\u1e63\u016bl} [Amendment and doubt concerning proposition XII-14 of the \\textit{Elements}] (p.~440-447) -- this is XII-17 in the Greek tradition -- are in the same spirit as the preceding text: al-Sijz\u012b demonstrated a deep knowledge of the Euclidean treatise and wished to deepen it without challenging it. Finally, the \\textit{Ris\u0101la [...] f\u012b jaw\u0101b mas'ala `an kit\u0101b Y\u016b\u1e25ann\u0101 ibn Y\u016bsuf} [Epistle on Answer to a Problem from the Book of Y\u016b\u1e25ann\u0101 ibn Y\u016bsuf] (p.~450-457) concerning proposition I.10 (division of a straight line into two equal parts) in a treatise by Y\u016b\u1e25ann\u0101 ibn Y\u016bsuf, now lost.  Chapter 4 is dedicated to plane geometry. Four texts are edited. The first, the most quantitatively important in the book under review, is \\textit{al-mas\u0101'il al-mukht\u0101ra} [Anthology of Problems] (p.~466-737) also known as \\textit{Ta`l\u012bq\u0101t handasiyya} [Geometrical Comments]. It is a miscellaneous collection, without an established plan, of 115 problems; it is the text that al-Sijz\u012b cites most in his works. The authors/editors of the book under review see it as a text in which al-Sijz\u012b records, as he exchanges and reflects on his own, ``the developments he is tempted to give them in a set to which he assigns sufficient value to make it a treatise likely to be referred to later'' (p.~461). The second, strongly linked to the first, is the \\textit{Kit\u0101b [...] f\u012b ta\u1e25\u1e63\u012bl al-qaw\u0101n\u012bn al-handasiyya al-ma\u1e25d\u016bda} [Book on the acquisition of determined geometric laws] (p.~740-761) which consists of 12 statements whose aim is the search for invariants. The next text, the \\textit{Qawl [...] f\u012b khaw\u0101\u1e63 murabba` qu\u1e6dr al-d\u0101'ira} [Remarks on the properties of the diameter square of the circle] (p.~764-775), is a collection of about ten propositions thematically grouped (possibly for didactic purposes). Finally, the last text of this chapter is the \\textit{Ris\u0101la f\u012b rasm al-musaddas f\u012b al-murabba` wa-l-murabba` f\u012b al-musaddas [...]} [Epistle on Drawing a Hexagon in a Square and a Square in a Hexagon] (p.~778-793). It concerns both construction problems and an isoperimetric study on the square and hexagon.  The last chapter concerns the division of plane figures that we are familiar with (see, in particular, [\\textit{M. Moyon}, La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de la mesure dans les traductions arabo-latines m\u00e9di\u00e9vales (Arabic). Turnhout: Brepols Publishers (2017; Zbl 1376.01003)]) with only one text: his \\textit{Kit\u0101b [...] f\u012b al-ajwiba `an mas\u0101'il sa'alaha `anhu ba`\u1e0d muhandis\u012b Sh\u012br\u0101z} [Book on Answers to Problems Asked to him by a Mathematician from Shiraz] (p.~800-839) which complements the Arabic version of Euclid's \\textit{On Divisions} attributed to al-Sijz\u012b (see, in particular, [\\textit{J. P. Hogendijk}, in: Vestigia mathematica. Studies in medieval and early modern mathematics in honour of H. L. L. Busard on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi B. V.. 143--162 (1993; Zbl 0810.01001)]) and some propositions from his \\textit{Anthology} on the same subject. It is again a contribution from al-Sijz\u012b that shows his deep understanding of Euclid's \\textit{Elements} that the Persian mathematician respects and extends.  Finally, the book under review concludes with four appendices: the first two provide the edition of demonstrations (by a reader according to a marginal note, or by al-Sijz\u012b himself but alternative) of results used in the \\textit{Anthology of Problems}, the last two describe lists of al-Sijz\u012b's works known by two well-known manuscript witnesses (the most important is in Dublin, the other is in Lahore).  The glossary of geometric concepts, the indexes of proper names, cited treaties, and manuscripts complement the already very rich introductions of the different chapters and the very successful editions/translations of this new volume of the beautiful serie ``Scientia graeco-arabica''. In conclusion, the book under review is a fine work of erudition, both in its content and editorial form, absolutely comprehensive and useful to any historian of mathematical sciences, whether or not they are from Islamic countries or medieval period. It is new geometric and philosophical contributions from al-Sijz\u012b that P.~Crozet and R.~Rashed offer us here, with direct access to the Arabic text, for which we thank 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