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In situations of interest the sets \\(F(K)\\) are isomorphism classes of algebraic objects of a certain kind over the field \\(K\\) and the maps \\(F(K_0)\\to F(K)\\) are given by scalar extension.   If \\(G\\) is a finite group, the essential dimension \\(\\mathrm{ed}(G)\\) is defined as the essential dimension of the functor \\(H^1(-,G)\\colon\\mathrm{Fields}_k\\to\\mathrm{Sets}\\), which takes a field extension \\(K/k\\) to the set of isomorphism classes of \\(G\\)-Galois algebras over \\(K\\). It was introduced by \\textit{J. Buhler} and \\textit{Z. Reichstein} [Compos. Math. 106, No. 2, 159-179 (1997; Zbl 0905.12003)].   A recent result by \\textit{N. A. Karpenko} and \\textit{A. S. Merkurjev} [Invent. Math. 172, No. 3, 491-508 (2008; Zbl 1200.12002)] computes the essential dimension of finite \\(p\\)-groups over fields \\(k\\) of characteristic \\(\\neq p\\) containing a primitive \\(p\\)-th root of unity: \\(\\mathrm{ed}(G)=\\min\\dim\\rho\\), where \\(\\rho\\colon G\\to\\mathrm{GL}(V)\\) runs over all faithful representations of \\(G\\). The paper under review uses this result to settle several questions about essential dimension:   1) It classifies non-Abelian \\(p\\)-groups \\(G\\) of \\(\\mathrm{ed}(G)\\leq p\\) (equivalently \\(\\mathrm{ed}(G)=p\\)). Namely these are characterized as those \\(p\\)-groups whose center is cyclic and which possess an Abelian subgroup of index \\(p\\).   2) It gives a precise formula for the essential dimension of \\(p\\)-groups, whose commutator subgroup \\([G,G]\\) is central and cyclic, when \\(k\\) contains a primitive root of unity of order \\(\\exp(G)\\).   3) It gives, for every \\(\\lambda>0\\), an example of a \\(p\\)-group \\(G\\) and a central subgroup \\(H\\) with \\(\\mathrm{ed}(G/H)>\\lambda\\mathrm{ed}(G)\\).   4) It gives (for fields of characteristic \\(\\neq 2\\)) the precise value of \\(\\mathrm{ed}(\\mathrm{SL}_n(\\mathbb Z))\\), which is \\(n-1\\) for odd \\(n\\geq 3\\) and \\(n\\) for even \\(n\\geq 4\\). Here the functor \\(H^1(-,\\mathrm{SL}_n(\\mathbb Z))\\colon\\mathrm{Fields}_k\\to\\mathrm{Sets}\\) under consideration takes a field extension \\(K/k\\) to the set of isomorphism classes of \\(n\\)-dimensional algebraic tori over \\(K\\) for which the image of the associated representation \\(\\mathrm{Gal}(k_s/k)\\to\\mathrm{GL}_n(\\mathbb Z)\\) is contained in \\(\\mathrm{SL}_n(\\mathbb Z)\\). The bounds \\(n-1\\leq\\mathrm{ed}(\\mathrm{SL}_n(\\mathbb Z))\\leq n\\) had previously been obtained by \\textit{G. Favi} and \\textit{M. Florence} [J. Algebra 319, No. 9, 3885-3900 (2008; Zbl 1141.14028)].   An interesting side-result is the following purely group theoretic formula for the essential dimension of \\(p\\)-groups: Let \\(k\\) be a field of characteristic \\(\\neq p\\) containing a \\(p\\)-th root of unity if \\(p\\geq 3\\) and a \\(4\\)-th root of unity if \\(p=2\\). Define the sequence \\(C_{-1}:=C(G)_p\\supset C_0\\supset C_1\\supset C_2\\supset\\cdots\\), where \\(C(G)_p\\) is the \\(p\\)-torsion of the center of \\(G\\), by letting \\(C_i\\) be the intersection of all kernels of characters \\(C(G)_p\\to k^*\\) which extend to a multiplicative character of a subgroup of \\(G\\) of index \\(p^i\\). Then  \\[ \\mathrm{ed}(G)=\\sum_{i=0}^\\infty(\\dim_{\\mathbb F_p}C_{i-1}-\\dim_{\\mathbb F_p} C_i)p^i. \\]  A similar formula was established for algebraic tori by \\textit{S. Baek} and \\textit{A. S. Merkurjev} [Acta Math. 209, No. 1, 1-27 (2012; Zbl 1258.16023)], based on the computation of essential dimension of tori by the two authors, \\textit{M. MacDonald} and the reviewer [J. Reine Angew. 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