{"entities":{"Q627407":{"pageid":629255,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q627407","lastrevid":63313272,"modified":"2026-04-11T12:01:57Z","type":"item","id":"Q627407","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"String structures and canonical 3-forms"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5858908"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$100EF9E1-E158-4262-BA61-F874BD7B7BAC","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"9b3370daf7f80c8bceebac0a12d34e92696000d5","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"String structures and canonical 3-forms","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$E5CB52DD-A380-4545-A487-517556FB2CFF","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"4fad5459525e071238707c656df1af5b8b42321d","datavalue":{"value":"1222.57023","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$93ABB31B-CB30-4395-9713-F41A98A2C98F","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"9864fec35c19a9c7dec4d9f420c682538db2e754","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":526166,"id":"Q526166"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$FBFB49A5-FE54-49F9-BABE-08DF8ACD4C10","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"edf18db5439a683e98eaf3205ba65f05cfd68a4d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":161301,"id":"Q161301"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$9774802B-EFF8-42D0-B58D-B03BB662AE2D","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"d451eae4aed012b8b003d76cb4ce46feaff042d6","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$85675C47-BF4A-471B-B6BD-6D234035CB2C","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"84674fbda4541f82d5c3e1b737fff4a96fde43c0","datavalue":{"value":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0912.2086","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$15A9A81A-FCE1-4E63-9A7A-8CFBC44AD561","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"d3ccdb1794c17f5648717571dc7536af900c0a41","datavalue":{"value":"Roughly speaking, from a homotopy theoretic point of view, a string structure is an analogue of a (better known) spin structure or (even better known) orientation, and the author explains and follows this analogy in the paper under review.  Let \\(B\\text{Spin}(k)\\) denote the classifying space of the spin group \\(\\text{Spin}(k)\\). One associates with the universal half first Pontryagin class \\(\\frac{1}{2}p_1\\in H^4(B\\text{Spin}(k);\\mathbb Z)\\) -- identified with a (homotopy class of a) map from \\(B\\text{Spin}(k)\\) to the Eilenberg-MacLane space \\(K(\\mathbb Z,4)\\) -- a topological group known as \\(\\text{String}(k)\\). The homotopy type of the classifying space \\(B\\text{String}(k)\\) is nothing but the homotopy fibre of the map \\(\\frac{1}{2}p_1: B\\text{Spin}(k)\\rightarrow K(\\mathbb Z,4)\\).  Given a principal \\(\\text{Spin}(k)\\)-bundle \\(\\pi: P\\rightarrow M\\), where \\(M\\) is a smooth closed connected oriented manifold and \\(k\\geq 3\\), a string structure on this principal bundle is a lift to \\(B\\text{String}(k)\\) of the classifying map \\(f: M \\rightarrow B\\text{Spin}(k)\\). A string class \\(\\mathcal S\\in H^ 3(P;\\mathbb Z)\\) is a cohomology class that restricts fibrewise to the stable generator of \\(H^ 3(\\text{Spin}(k);\\mathbb Z)\\).  In Section 2, the author shows (among other facts) that, up to homotopy, the choice of a string structure is equivalent to the choice of a string class \\(\\mathcal S\\in H^ 3(P;\\mathbb Z)\\). In Section 3, he describes the harmonic representative of a string class \\(\\mathcal S\\in H^ 3(P;\\mathbb Z)\\) (which requires choosing a metric on the base manifold \\(M\\), a connection on \\(P\\), and involves taking an adiabatic limit; also a passage from integer coefficients to real coefficients is needed). Using a Hodge isomorphism, the author shows that this harmonic representative gives rise to a canonical \\(3\\)-form \\(H_ {g,{\\mathcal S}}\\in \\Omega^ 3(M)\\), refining an associated differential character in the sense of [\\textit{J. Cheeger} and \\textit{J. Simons}, Geometry and topology, Proc. Spec. Year, College Park/Md. 1983/84, Lect. Notes Math. 1167, 50--80 (1985; Zbl 0621.57010)]. In Sections 4--6, the author deals exclusively with the frame bundle \\(\\text{Spin}(TM) \\rightarrow M\\) (over \\(M\\) having a spin structure) in the role of the principal bundle \\(\\pi: P\\rightarrow M\\). Given a string class \\(\\mathcal S\\) and Riemannian metric \\(g\\) on \\(M\\), he uses the Levi-Civita connection to produce the canonical \\(3\\)-form \\(H_ {g,{\\mathcal S}}\\). He explicitly calculates this \\(3\\)-form for homogeneous metrics on \\(3\\)-dimensional spheres. The author also discusses how the cohomology theory tmf (Topological Modular Forms; see [\\textit{M. Hopkins}, Proceedings of the international congress of mathematicians, ICM 2002, Beijing, China, August 20--28, 2002. Vol. I: Plenary lectures and ceremonies. Beijing: Higher Education Press. 291--317 (2002; Zbl 1031.55007)]) could potentially encode obstructions to positive Ricci curvature metrics.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$899E200A-089D-4302-B88E-397484BAC4F6","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"b1064660b51132b656690851c3a5c2c64f32dc34","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":223850,"id":"Q223850"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$627EFC4B-35D4-4E85-9007-6E4B00FFF5B1","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"76b1ac3b5ebd059955c0c4727ae62d297e451411","datavalue":{"value":"57R15","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$DD0FDB83-293F-4C2A-A5CE-FF605B0FDFC2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"6aca840fdaa9e3871835dfd666787b107067e690","datavalue":{"value":"58A14","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$2C7D932E-841C-4FA1-A5A3-283C51989382","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"ca158ae8078c4b32bd91b6582eb807451f3d8474","datavalue":{"value":"58J28","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$4CDFA13E-5583-472A-A052-8B176D1E3D08","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"6cfa0fcef5f24fdbfd7bf4205955a6121ce6d4e0","datavalue":{"value":"55N34","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$2A566EF6-A639-433D-BC8E-21B55F86129F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"02a70c2b9d4ab18d59da2cbcac8e523c81f944b2","datavalue":{"value":"53C05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$981E1B8B-4E1E-43FB-80B9-EDAB6AADC870","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"cc83bd5c1d76638be3f59e5f9ef8a5978da6935f","datavalue":{"value":"5858908","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$34592B1A-7C92-4E86-9BDF-CAA7B695B1B9","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"164c31d41aad24d72d7dfebd3b1ff74d3b3357aa","datavalue":{"value":"string structure","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$32D86744-838C-4738-ABCA-AF6B85407B6D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b56cf375f17987c7f645dcc364b4bd4b36a0b23c","datavalue":{"value":"spin structure","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$3A48B08F-8049-49DC-B029-61A74465021E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"5fd2d116ee6fbba30a1d83bc4ba03ade75059b27","datavalue":{"value":"differential characters","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$D83E120A-9788-4F1E-B306-9AD4DB14681E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"56729e2e02790b1213a442f7cfa8260118b31e6c","datavalue":{"value":"positive Ricci curvature","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$44DB6026-2ED1-4D0B-8C5E-BDE773E1443E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"e95d6137f28ea1bbd90e2d300883e3f9a726a661","datavalue":{"value":"cohomology tmf (Topological Modular Forms)","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$4AD149CF-DEBC-4687-8F9F-69CEF3E8CB92","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$8D51CEE3-EE66-4322-8613-21C460C72AE1","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"9f6e08e6c7aa2b054b7b60b81c6a204563af9b6c","datavalue":{"value":"W3105891980","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$A88C52CB-F0D2-4273-8AB3-43E72C4BEF1E","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"967c22dbe0c10b9d52786d15fa618ec08455dc4b","datavalue":{"value":"10.2140/PJM.2011.249.447","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q627407$CAE0709F-E32B-45E7-A694-6C42745462DE","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a3efa076408dd4429b4d4b8b10e4d4171c1d4378","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2847041,"id":"Q2847041"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"52dc1099d9d433be531aebe06ab65e38c044c262","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7805168032646179","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q627407$3E9019E6-0566-494F-B5CF-36356C8F137C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"85a5ce7341987128194120f1d962f9936e829550","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":295537,"id":"Q295537"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"5ed8501c3da3c7d5ccfb6a59c1420db399d74fbb","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7639691829681396","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q627407$46E31C2F-E2B0-47FC-B9BE-DD4C31FAAB2E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"8a820df2d6933b38e6966e61639dca0d57038f58","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2796094,"id":"Q2796094"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"735e154b0bb52deea5b843a5207bd372f6b910a6","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7483356595039368","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q627407$388FB118-4E6F-4658-A9E0-9658CCF3494B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"c8074acabcefafcc2e68a19f4878faf839cf6381","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1120150,"id":"Q1120150"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"742e44db2eea62a270e9216199585d337eb0c27b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7320184111595154","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q627407$C73C3A93-E2D4-49ED-A6A9-241A6E190357","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ae59db07692fdafaf231ed999328e57aa4dc682b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":907940,"id":"Q907940"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"6164446ec25302590e5752b3e41f8a022ea59d84","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7300389409065247","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q627407$10C0945C-7C2F-49C1-8295-204F4DDB9E8A","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"String structures and canonical 3-forms","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/String_structures_and_canonical_3-forms"}}}}}