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The nesting relation then connects matching calls and returns, while other elements correspond to internal operations.  Let \\(\\Sigma\\) be a finite alphabet and let \\(|w|\\) denote the length of \\(w\\in\\Sigma\\)*. A finite nested word over \\(\\Sigma\\) is a pair \\(wh=(w,h)\\), where \\(a\\in\\Sigma\\)* and \\(h\\) is a binary matching relation on \\(\\{1,2,\\dots,|w|\\}\\) that satisfies:   (1) \\(h(i,j)\\to i<j\\);   (2) \\(h(i,j)\\) and \\(h(i,j_1)\\) implies \\(j=j_1\\), \\(h(i,j)\\) and \\(h(i_1,j)\\) implies \\(i=i_1\\);   (3) if \\(h(i,j),h(i_1,j_1),i<i_1\\) then either \\(j<i_1\\) or \\(j_1<j\\).   A nested \\(\\omega\\)-word is defined by analogy.  A nested word deterministic or nondeterministic automaton (NWA) runs from left to right as a finite state automaton, but each time it encounters a return position, the next state depends not only on the current state but also on the state of the matching call.  A nondeterministic nested word automaton (NWA) is a tuple \\({A}=(\\Sigma, {Q}, {Q}_0, {Q}_{f}, {P}, {P}_0, {P}_{f}, \\delta_{c}, \\delta_{i}, \\delta_{r})\\), where \\({P}\\) is a finite set of hierarchical states, \\({Q}\\cap {P}\\) is empty, \\({P}_0\\subseteq {P}\\) is the set of initial hierarchical states, \\({P}_{f}\\subseteq{P}\\) is the set of final hierarchical states, \\(\\delta_{c} :{Q}\\otimes\\Sigma^{<}\\rightarrow 2^{Q \\otimes P }\\) is the call transition function, \\(\\delta_{i} : {Q}\\otimes\\Sigma\\rightarrow 2^{Q}\\) is the internal transition function, \\(\\delta_{r}:{Q}\\otimes{P}\\otimes \\Sigma^{>} \\rightarrow 2^{Q}\\) is the return transition function. A nested word automaton is deterministic (NWA) if \\({Q}_{0}\\) and \\({P}_{0}\\) are singleton sets and cardinalities of \\(|\\delta_{c}(q,a)|\\), \\(|\\delta_{i}(q,a)|\\), \\(|\\delta_{r}(q,a)|\\) are equal to 1.  A nested word language is regular if it is recognized by a NWA. A regular language of nested words is a set of nested words accepted by a NWA.  Over nested words, the vocabulary of monadic second-order logic (MSO) contains the following: predicates \\(Pa(w)\\) (word \\(w\\) is ended by symbol \\(a\\)), predicate of linear order \\(i < j\\) over the natural numbers \\(\\mathbb{N}\\), predicate \\(h(i,j)\\) over \\(\\mathbb{N}\\) which matches call \\(i\\) and its return \\(j\\). First-order variables in MSO are interpreted as positions in a nested word, while monadic second-order variables range over sets of positions in a nested word.  Regular languages of nested words are a special case of visibly push-down languages (VPL) which are a restriction of the class of context-free languages. VPL has the input alphabet \\(I\\) which is partitioned into three parts \\(I_c\\), \\(I_r\\), \\(I_i\\) of symbols viewed as procedure calls, returns, internal operations. Stair VPL controls unmatched calls.  The \\(\\mu\\)-calculus \\(L_{\\mu}\\) over nested words is defined as a grammar with Boolean operations with modalities. Each formula of \\(L_{\\mu}\\) without free languages defines a language which is a class of nested words. Every MSO formula with one free first-order variable defines a unary query, and every MSO sentence defines a language. To deal with unary queries, the authors consider \\(L_{\\mu}\\) with the past, i.e. \\(L_{\\mu}^{\\text{full}}\\). These are the main results of the article under review:   \\textbf{Theorem 1}. For finite nested words and nested \\(\\omega\\)-words, MSO and \\(L_{\\mu}^{\\text{full}}\\) define the same classes of unary queries. The languages of nested words (resp. nested \\(\\omega\\)-words) definable in MSO and \\(L_{\\mu}\\) are the same.  \\textbf{Theorem 2}. Over nested \\(\\omega\\)-words, MSO, \\(\\omega\\)-NWA with B\u00fcchi acceptance condition, deterministic \\(\\omega\\)-NWA with Muller acceptance condition define precisely the regular languages. Translations between these formalisms are effective.  \\textbf{Theorem 3}. For every \\(\\omega\\)-alternating NWA, there exists (and can be effectively constructed) an equivalent \\(\\omega\\)-NWA with a B\u00fcchi acceptance condition.  \\textbf{Theorem 4}. For every B\u00fcchi alternating VPA, there exists (and can be effectively constructed) an equivalent B\u00fcchi nondeterministic VPA.  \\textbf{Theorem 5}. The nonemptiness problem is undecidable for simplified 2-letter-to-letter NWAs (and thus for \\(k\\)-letter-to-letter NWAs for 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