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A `positivstellensatz' for \\(\\mathcal{A}\\) is a theorem saying that elements in \\(\\mathcal{A}\\) that are positive have an algebraic description turning positivity `evident'. The classical example is Artin's solution to Hilbert's 17th problem according to which a rational function on \\(\\mathbb{R}^n\\) that is nonnegative is a sum of squares of such functions. Positivstellens\u00e4tze for commutative algebras have meanwhile a rich history that is reported in the books by Bochnak, Coste, Roy; Delzell and Prestel; and Marshall.  More recently, positivstellens\u00e4tze for noncommutative algebras have been proved. At the beginning of this endeavour we have \\textit{J. W. Helton} [Ann. Math. (2) 156, No. 2, 675--694 (2002; Zbl 1033.12001)]. In the present paper, positivstellens\u00e4tze are proved for path algebras, matrices over certain noncommutative and commutative algebras, crossed product algebras, matrix polynomials in intervals, matrices over fields, and cyclic algebras.  Sections 1 and 2 give much of the necessary definitions and notations fundamental for what follows: Let \\(\\mathcal{A}\\) be a \\(*\\)-algebra, i.e., an algebra over \\({\\mathsf L}={\\mathsf R}\\) or \\({\\mathsf C}\\) with involution, where \\({\\mathsf R}\\) is a real field and \\({\\mathsf C}={\\mathsf R}(\\sqrt{-1}).\\) If \\((\\mathcal{V},\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot \\rangle)\\) is a unitary space (over \\(\\mathbb{C}\\)), let \\(\\mathcal{L(V)}\\) be the algebra of linear mappings of \\(\\mathcal{V}\\) and let \\(\\mathcal{L}^+(\\mathcal{V})\\) denote the largest \\(O^*\\)-subalgebra; i.e., the largest subalgebra of \\(\\mathcal{L (V)}\\) with the property that for each of its elements \\(A\\) there exists an adjoint \\(A^*\\) in it -- i.e., \\(\\forall v,w \\in \\mathcal{V}\\) we have \\(\\langle Av,w\\rangle= \\langle v,A^*w\\rangle.\\) Recall that the standard notion of positivity on \\(\\mathcal{L(V)}\\) is given by \\(A>0\\) iff \\(\\langle Av,v\\rangle>0\\) for \\(v\\neq 0.\\) A \\(*\\)-representation of a \\(*\\)-algebra \\(\\mathcal{A}\\) over \\(\\mathbb{C}\\) is a homomorphism \\(\\pi:\\mathcal{A} \\rightarrow \\mathcal{L^+(V)}.\\)  Let \\(\\mathcal{A}_h=\\{a\\in \\mathcal{A}:a^*=a\\}\\) (with \\(\\mathcal{A}\\) over \\({\\mathsf L}\\)) be the self adjoint or Hermitian elements of \\(\\mathcal{A}\\), and \\(\\mathcal{A}^\\circ=\\{x\\in \\mathcal{A}\\setminus \\{0\\}: x \\text{ is not zero divisor}\\}.\\) A set \\(\\mathcal{C}\\subseteq \\mathcal{A}_h\\) is a quadratic module if it is closed under nonnegative linear combinations, contains 1, and satisfies \\(x^*\\mathcal{C}x\\subseteq \\mathcal{C}\\) for all \\(x\\in \\mathcal{A}.\\) The smallest quadratic module in \\(\\mathcal{A},\\) denoted \\(\\sum \\mathcal{A}^2,\\) is the set of sums of form \\(x_1^*x_1+\\cdots+x_m^*x_m\\) with \\(x_i\\in \\mathcal{A}.\\) A quadratic module \\(\\mathcal{C}\\) defines a noncommutative preordering if the product of any two commuting elements in \\(\\mathcal{C}\\) belongs to \\(\\mathcal{C}.\\) Denote the smallest noncommutative preordering by \\(\\sum_{ nc} \\mathcal{A}^2.\\) Given \\(a\\in \\mathcal{A},\\) a set \\(\\mathcal{S}_a \\subseteq \\mathcal{A}_h\\) containing \\(a,\\) so that for all \\(x\\in \\mathcal{A},\\) \\(x^*\\mathcal{S}_a x \\subseteq \\mathcal{S}_a;\\) and \\(bc=cb,~ b\\in \\mathcal{S}_a,~ c\\in \\sum_{nc} \\mathcal{A}^2\\) together imply \\(bc\\in \\mathcal{S}_a\\) is a denominator set for \\(a.\\) Finally, given a \\(*\\)-algebra \\(\\mathcal{A}\\) over \\({\\mathsf L}\\) with \\(*\\)-subalgebra \\(\\mathcal{B},\\) certain linear and involution-preserving surjections \\(p:\\mathcal{A} \\rightarrow \\mathcal{B}\\) so that \\(p(\\sum \\mathcal{A}^2) \\subseteq \\sum \\mathcal{B}^2\\) are called strong conditional expectations.  With these definitions and a notion of positivity on \\(\\mathcal{A},\\) let \\(\\mathcal{A}_+\\) be the positive elements in \\(\\mathcal{A}.\\) A positivstellensatz of type I, II, III, IV, V is satisfied by \\(x\\in \\mathcal{A}_+\\) according to the following: type I: if \\(x\\in \\sum \\mathcal{A}^2;\\) type II: if there exists a \\(c\\in \\mathcal{A}^\\circ\\) so that \\(c^*xc \\in \\sum \\mathcal{A}^2;\\) type III: if there is a \\(c\\in \\mathcal{A}^\\circ \\cap \\sum \\mathcal{A}^2\\) so that \\(xc=cx\\) and \\(xc \\in \\sum \\mathcal{A}^2;\\) type IV: if \\(x\\in \\sum_{nc} \\mathcal{A}^2;\\) type V: if there is \\(c_x\\in \\mathcal{S}_x\\) so that \\(\\sum_{nc} \\mathcal{A}^2.\\) Algebra \\(\\mathcal{A}\\) is said to satisfy a positivstellensatz of type X if all its positive elements satisfy the respective positivstellensatz.  Section 3 recalls the notion of the path algebra \\(\\mathbb{C} \\Gamma\\), defined in a natural way from a directed multigraph \\(\\Gamma\\) that contains with each arrow \\(b\\) also its reverse \\(b^*.\\) Let \\(\\mathcal{F}=\\mathbb{C}\\langle a_1,\\dots,a_m,a_1^*,\\dots,a_m^* \\rangle\\) be the free \\(*\\)-algebra over \\(\\mathbb{C}\\) on \\(m\\) generators. In Proposition 3.1, the authors generalize the main theorem of Helton [loc. cit.]: a Hermitian element in the matrix algebra \\(M_n(\\mathcal{F})\\) satisfies \\(\\rho(X)\\geq 0\\) for every finite dimensional representation \\(\\rho,\\) if and only if \\(X\\in \\sum M_n(\\mathcal{F})^2.\\) They then define a strong conditional expectation from \\(M_n(\\mathcal{F})\\) onto \\(\\mathbb{C} \\Gamma\\) to prove a similar type I positivstellensatz for the path algebra in a manner different from \\textit{S. Popovych} [J. Algebra 324, No. 9, 2418--2431 (2010; Zbl 1219.46068)]: a Hermitian \\(X\\) in \\(\\mathbb{C} \\Gamma\\) allows only nonnegative images under finite dimensional \\(*\\)-representations if and only if \\(X=\\sum_{j=0}^k X_j^* X_j\\) for some \\(X_j\\in \\mathbb{C}\\Gamma.\\)  Section 4 proves an Artin theorem for matrices over noncommutative zero divisor free unital \\(*\\)-algebras that satisfy the left Ore condition: given \\(a\\in \\mathcal{A}, s\\in \\mathcal{A}^\\circ=\\mathcal{A}\\setminus\\{0\\},\\) there exist \\(b\\in \\mathcal{A}, t\\in \\mathcal{A}^\\circ\\) so that \\(ta=bs.\\) First diagonalizability results for Hermitian matrices over \\(\\mathcal{A}\\) are shown. Next suppose \\(\\mathcal{A}\\) to be an \\(O^*\\)-algebra on a unitary space. Then natural definitions of positivity yield \\(\\mathcal{A}_+\\) and \\(M_n(\\mathcal{A})_+.\\) Theorem 4.8 shows that a type II positivstellensatz holds for the matrix algebra \\(M_n(\\mathcal{A})\\) provided it holds for \\(\\mathcal{A}\\) itself.  In Section 5 for a unital \\(*\\)-algebra \\(\\mathcal{A},\\) and a finite group \\(G\\) of \\(*\\)-automorphisms of \\(\\mathcal{A},\\) the crossed product \\(\\mathcal{A} \\times_\\alpha G\\) is defined -- see \\textit{R. S. Pierce} [Associative algebras. New York-Heidelberg-Berlin: Springer (1982; Zbl 0497.16001)]. One then has the regular covariant representation \\(\\pi_{creg}:\\mathcal{A} \\times_\\alpha G \\rightarrow \\mathcal{L}(\\oplus_{g\\in G} \\mathcal{V})\\) which defines in analogy to earlier observations a notion of positivity via \\((\\mathcal{A} \\times_\\alpha G)_+=\\{x\\in \\mathcal{A} \\times_\\alpha G: \\pi_{creg}(x) \\geq 0\\}.\\) Then if a positivstellensatz of type I or type III holds for \\(M_n(\\mathcal{A})\\) then - again via a strong conditional expectation -- the respective theorem will hold for \\(\\mathcal{A} \\times_\\alpha G.\\) Also if \\(\\mathcal{A}\\) is an \\(O^*\\)-algebra without zero divisors and \\(\\mathcal{A}^\\circ\\) is left Ore, we have: if a type II satz holds for \\(\\mathcal{A}\\) then it holds for \\(\\mathcal{A} \\times_\\alpha G.\\)  Section 6 assumes \\(\\mathcal{A}\\) to be a finitely generated unital and commutative \\(*\\)-algebra without zero divisors over \\(\\mathbb{R}\\) or \\(\\mathbb{C}.\\) By \\(\\hat{\\mathcal{A}}\\) the set of characters is understood and it is assumed that \\(\\sum_j a_j^*a_j=0\\) implies \\(a_1=a_2= \\cdots=a_n=0.\\) This can be guaranteed if \\(\\hat{\\mathcal{A}}\\) separates points. Positivity notions are given by \\(\\mathcal{A}_+ =\\{a\\in \\mathcal{A}: \\chi(a)\\geq 0 \\text{ for } \\chi \\in \\hat{\\mathcal{A}}\\}\\) and \\(M_n(\\mathcal{A})_+=\\{A: (\\chi(a_{ij}))\\geq 0 \\text{ for }\\chi \\in \\hat{\\mathcal{A}}\\}.\\) Then a type II positivstellensatz holds for \\(M_n(\\mathcal{A}).\\) The proof uses induction on \\(n\\) and diagonalization.  Section 7 recalls a matrix version of the classical Fej\u00e9r-Riesz theorem due to \\textit{M. Rosenblum} [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 23, 139--147 (1968; Zbl 0159.43102)] and defines a conditional expectation to show the following interesting result. Theorem 7.3: Let \\(F(x) \\in M_n(\\mathbb{C}[x])\\) be a self adjoint matrix polynomial. Then \\(F(x)\\) is positive semidefinite in every point \\(x\\in [a,b]\\) if and only if \\(F=G_1^*G_1+(b-x)(x-a)G_2^*G_2\\) for some \\(G_1,G_2 \\in M_n(\\mathbb{C}[x]).\\) Similar results are shown for half open intervals.  Section 8 is concerned with positivstellens\u00e4tze for \\(M_n({\\mathsf L})\\) with \\({\\mathsf L}\\) as in section 2. If \\(B=\\text{diag}(1,\\lambda_1,\\dots, \\lambda_{n-1})\\) with \\(\\lambda_i\\in \\mathbb{R}^\\circ\\), then for \\(X\\in M_n({\\mathsf L})\\) one defines \\(X^\\tau = B^{-1} X^* B.\\) This yields an involution which is associated to the inner product \\(\\langle x,y \\rangle_1 :=\\langle Bx,y \\rangle,\\) where the right hand side uses the standard inner product. Write \\(P_B({\\mathsf L})\\) for the preordering generated by the \\(\\lambda_i.\\) An ordering \\(p\\) of \\({\\mathsf R}\\) that contains \\(\\lambda_1, \\dots, \\lambda_{n-1}\\) is a \\(*\\)-ordering. The positivity is defined by \\((M_n({\\mathsf L}), \\tau)_+\\) being the set of matrices \\(X\\) for which \\(X=X^\\tau\\) and all the principal minors of \\(X\\) belonging to \\(P_B({\\mathsf L}).\\) It is shown that a type IV positivstellensatz holds for \\((M_n({\\mathsf L}),\\tau).\\) \\textit{I. Klep} and \\textit{T. Unger} have shown that a type I satz cannot hold for \\(n\\geq 3;\\) see [J. Algebra 324, No. 2, 256--268 (2010; Zbl 1262.16039)].  Section 9 uses results and notation of the previous section to show positivstellens\u00e4tze for cyclic algebras. Let \\({\\mathsf L}\\) be as before. Let \\( {\\mathsf L/K} \\) be a Galois extension with group \\(\\mathbb{Z}/(n),\\) and \\(\\mathfrak{A}\\) be the cyclic algebra associated to \\({\\mathsf L/K} \\) (see Pierce [loc. cit., Ch. XV]). Positivity is defined by \\(\\mathfrak{A}_+\\) being the set of elements \\(y=y^*\\) for which \\(\\mathfrak{p}(x^*yx)\\in P_B({\\mathsf L} )\\) for all \\(x\\in \\mathfrak{A},\\) where \\(\\mathfrak{p}:\\mathfrak{A} \\rightarrow {\\mathsf L} \\) is a certain canonical projection. 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