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The \\textit{pseudospectrum} of a matrix \\(A\\in M_n\\) is defined by  \\[ \\sigma_{\\varepsilon} (A) =\\{\\mu\\in {\\mathbb C} : \\text{ there are } x\\in {\\mathbb C}^n , E\\in M_n \\text{ such that } (A+E)x=\\mu x \\}. \\]  In the paper it is shown that the pseudospectrum can be used to study the algebraic and geometric properties of matrices. For example, it is shown that one can characterize Hermitian matrices, positive semidefinite matrices, orthogonal projections, unitary matrices, etc. in terms of the pseudospectrum. Moreover, the authors study maps \\(\\Phi: M_n\\to M_n\\) such that \\(\\sigma_{\\varepsilon} (A*B)=\\sigma_{\\varepsilon}(\\Phi(A)*\\Phi(B))\\) for all \\(A,B\\in M_n\\), where \\(A*B=A+B,\\;A-B\\) or \\(AB\\). 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