{"entities":{"Q6585651":{"pageid":14196807,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q6585651","lastrevid":55723279,"modified":"2026-02-17T21:40:54Z","type":"item","id":"Q6585651","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"On finite sums of projections and Dixmier's averaging theorem for type \\(\\operatorname{II}_1\\) factors"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7895018"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$FBB987E1-9F43-4744-B5F7-36EDE56AE92D","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"b7f22338d1e18cab8b10de05954a7e10a72ab6cd","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"On finite sums of projections and Dixmier's averaging theorem for type \\(\\operatorname{II}_1\\) factors","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$36F2CD85-CEE6-4D57-8EBC-192A3100766E","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"6882ddf771743e9b2ca1df2834c11327cccf12de","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/j.jfa.2024.110568","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$2D0FAFC0-47F9-4026-A766-3FC42E4B0706","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"90eacc6e329e72b84e5a3511f39e721d6de72fa7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2066031,"id":"Q2066031"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$4ADF82E4-9607-440B-A0BF-3DC744CE586E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"b135cacf87a0c11ef0cdae4c1a70c8a99cbb3f37","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":374067,"id":"Q374067"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$15159A3D-B005-45BC-8E7D-D4139E3EC16A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"3488b503b08939164b71bb080501b19e5df21f9f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2066032,"id":"Q2066032"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$8BFEE6C6-D472-4F1D-9189-BFE304F7D307","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"78c822db5813f0f9086f4e4ec19f4b6b46b5b495","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":165791,"id":"Q165791"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$5E473002-6F3B-48DD-8FDC-37E08A1F6174","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"c12e67cd279aa063d88ffb57c5087f681a847aab","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$C6C38305-F352-471B-B0D6-ED143F2A2052","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"b519503619baa24740aed5c1b71aeaaf5a764938","datavalue":{"value":"Whether a positive bounded operator \\(A\\) on a separable Hilbert space \\(\\mathcal H\\) can be expressed as the sum of a finite or infinite collection of projections has been a longstanding problem in the research of operator algebras. \\textit{V.~Kaftal} et al. [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 140, No.~9, 3219--3227 (2012; Zbl 1279.46040)] addressed the problem completely in the setting of type I or type~III factors. If \\(\\mathcal M\\) is a type II factor, \\textit{X.~Cao} et al. [J. Funct. Anal. 281, No.~5, Article ID 109088, 11~p. (2021; Zbl 1491.46055)] gave conditions for operators \\(A \\in \\mathcal M\\) which can be written as the sum of a finite or infinite collection of projections. Furthermore, \\textit{H.~Halpern} et al. [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 365, No.~5, 2409--2445 (2013; Zbl 1275.47088)] provided some equivalent condition for a positive operator can be written as a finite sum of projections. If \\(\\mathcal M\\) is a type~II\\(_1\\) factor with trace \\(\\tau\\), they showed that a positive operator \\(A \\in \\mathcal M\\) can be written as a sum of finite projections if \\(\\tau(A) > \\tau(R_A)\\).\\N\\NLet \\(\\mathcal M\\) be a type II\\(_1\\) factor.  Diximier's theorem states that the trace of any element \\(A \\in \\mathcal M\\) is in the closure of the convex hull of the unitary orbits \\(\\{U^*AU: U \\in \\mathcal M\\), \\(U^*U=UU^* =I \\}\\). The main result of the present paper is the following: For any self-adjoint element \\(X \\in \\mathcal M\\), there exists a unitary \\(W \\in \\mathcal M\\) with \\(W^N = I\\) such that \\N\\[\\N\\frac{1}{N} \\sum\\limits_{0 \\le j \\le N-1 } (W^*)^j X W^j = \\tau(X)I.\\N\\]\\NIt is proved that if \\(A \\in \\mathcal M^+\\) and \\(\\tau(A) > 1\\), then \\(A\\) is a sum of finite projections, implying that \\(A \\in \\mathcal M^+\\) is a sum of finite projections if and only if \\(\\tau(A) \\ge \\tau(R_A)\\), which completely answers the original problem. A stronger version of Dixmier's averaging theorem is given: For any \\(X_1, X_2, \\dots, X_n \\in \\mathcal M\\), there exist unitary operators \\(U_1, U_2, \\dots, U_k\\) such that \\N\\[\\N\\frac{1}{k}\\sum\\limits_{1 \\le i \\le k} U_i^*X_j U_i = \\tau(X_j)I, \\ \\forall  1 \\le j \\le n.\\N\\]\\NSuppose that \\(A \\in \\mathcal M^+\\) with \\(\\tau(A) \\ge \\tau(R_A)\\). The authors first show that  if \\(A\\) is the linear combination of two projections, then it is a sum of finitely many projections. Then, mathematical induction is used to show the same result for the case that \\(A\\) is the linear combination of finitely many projections. In general, consider the decomposition \\N\\[\\NA = PA + (I-P)A=(1+\\mu)\\sum\\limits_{1 \\le i < + \\infty} p_i + (1- \\lambda)\\sum\\limits_{1 \\le j < + \\infty} q_i ,\\N\\]\\Nwhere \\(P = \\chi_{[1, + \\infty)}(A)\\). By dealing with how to transfer the sum of the positive coefficients of an infinite number of projections into a finite sum of projections, the main result will be obtained.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$A0F2662D-76DF-4492-AE6E-0EC6770BFA57","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"3c365e5c8438196e9c589c3ab43470479ebbfa49","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":644607,"id":"Q644607"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$A514A1F4-CC57-4F66-8BCE-2073111DCA6A","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"f635262d80b27d14ad06547ee541f8648c0766da","datavalue":{"value":"46L10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$5D85D890-9D9F-4133-A0CD-BB47540A8AD5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"0a7fbcaf380d929acdc4164673a68a17aeeb3fc5","datavalue":{"value":"46L36","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$0DE98936-8890-43C5-B6C6-A3C99A990147","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"f3a2574dca1d48a5ffce790017bb2413ba4d899f","datavalue":{"value":"7895018","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$3F074D6B-C0B3-4CCA-B23E-6BFAFB7D782D","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"a3a6b9ca1fb20c602272ba41c1130b9299960b3f","datavalue":{"value":"finite sums of projections","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$78072E6B-E0A0-4DE1-8B7F-9DFDF82AF2D3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"929bf772032aa7d4da6144c00fe6b43efd6430f9","datavalue":{"value":"Dixmier's averaging theorem","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$ED29EB29-9BFF-4729-A738-175FAA72FB27","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"35d418592227f71251d7d81627395169624583a3","datavalue":{"value":"type II factors","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$6C855BF9-C214-4B82-8506-1C5AB70A9C93","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$ADED11A6-00CA-493C-8709-F85885D0E4B2","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"73f7b14bd06f5bca0057e6639bdc80fadd4c1d4c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1120640,"id":"Q1120640"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$92A7F7B4-94C7-47B2-8BFF-62D03C1A5B4B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"2c464eaac6890559db275c759849ab54d2d15038","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2066033,"id":"Q2066033"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$1CC5E381-7105-422B-B761-B738364032CC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"d07ef6d64ebe1ef00602426f31118802426b71f9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2253258,"id":"Q2253258"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$81F68EB9-DA25-4877-9E97-90794ADDB1D6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"0c52dc55562f625cd3da7b59a7d16ab3f1ed00fd","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5174979,"id":"Q5174979"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$159B71C1-7290-43CB-A72C-A4F87AF080A3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"c084084315e86605bd933810c17ee8f09af7fcde","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1765973,"id":"Q1765973"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$68712AA8-A9D9-480C-A607-6488BFF26899","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"1f18fb5ae37a6d973d51701e73d1d0fe7982503b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5920883,"id":"Q5920883"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$76FF15D3-ECE6-4034-829F-77E44265B610","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"a5d7e3fb0906d90dfec775b44b7019153c92d579","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4022101,"id":"Q4022101"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$F0A12E83-5F49-4A71-9DA6-4EB4CCD6BEA4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"796d874d01c3b69d0a8eb11643f1970024e4cb2d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2838070,"id":"Q2838070"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$2C0A3B7C-2593-4243-9D66-948A4C585E69","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"9070489d55958983090968e2de1b1abeab204e24","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":732046,"id":"Q732046"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$5E5A3336-1FE5-4D6F-95F6-C257FE6F306E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"26f7cca413a6b26ede1517fbf28b0c6818b1b13c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3020359,"id":"Q3020359"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$34093AE5-FB27-4B16-95E6-C82774B4761A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"b963751a0acfb5a9f6ce1a336b5924c519bf7e73","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":662395,"id":"Q662395"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$3A7DDD84-C801-4A41-8A7D-51C44690D6A4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"d44e07ce21215b2717e67eb98502c063f4cbcec5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2845747,"id":"Q2845747"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$3A51650F-3778-419F-82DC-C3E5C1438912","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"22b6dfc2080894a43a8ec02272a2552d52f616c5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5916340,"id":"Q5916340"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$8841C901-0F97-4F99-A40D-0301B869A785","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"ddb288668e70367ab24a98bc158daf7646c8bc32","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1405039,"id":"Q1405039"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$179DB233-D6A0-4913-B71B-46863BCB6880","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"563d15f1e6ed174a8da449f962609935fd7f1cfa","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4431114,"id":"Q4431114"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$8E3C9C20-B4AD-49F6-BB2C-EA55E5C8E1B8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"1e56c3f25323e00770dec58144457be36cbecaf9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":798739,"id":"Q798739"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$AEB43D2F-210B-4049-B5E0-9F613E9D499E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"afb6c2c209e35a8d3b3518be673fe1bedfa98f1c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3509645,"id":"Q3509645"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$5B95C073-1C70-42C4-BBFC-FD88B5DE43EC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"1c70d123d00a997256d77ec3246f8d477efe404d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4172497,"id":"Q4172497"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$88499538-CF0E-4FAF-A90E-627E7F750BA5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"63fce0a3279468eca2f8e4172e1ee216ed091a4a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5952643,"id":"Q5952643"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$0E68BC59-8B0A-4BA1-B72D-F717D1E20B69","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"02fccf9cbc10c2d47c64ba3a60625dacc0c42d7c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4308114,"id":"Q4308114"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6585651$E076C4AC-4D13-4464-A87E-A6D68A2E8986","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2b812380e86dbbd1f2e89d3fc3851b36dc6d97c6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6585652,"id":"Q6585652"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"480800b9d297a1d438e9b0f34985f94dc426f81c","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8718891143798828","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q6585651$8D2A90DD-79FF-4597-9C40-0B275E59576F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"eeb68ecde148735e2e26db98dd0575d9216be01b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2066033,"id":"Q2066033"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"1e1b5363fed0bc734e9df608c0f598f9092c2288","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8330647945404053","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q6585651$60ECA597-3D8B-4902-93EE-3F4AEA9AC776","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"e17364cab5eeb6879410926f9bbfd822adad76fc","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2838070,"id":"Q2838070"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e9d3c8ce2e6d45c9fcfc0ec69af7b9ab4294a09d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7979026436805725","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q6585651$B50BB063-2E43-4CE0-BBBF-10CFF5E6DC2C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"53eeae6ee81dc884d7ea397ca4481d3c62c35fdb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":732046,"id":"Q732046"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"ef6ee589687e08ca073fe8e1f950533009fdf88f","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7920118570327759","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q6585651$42045F5C-F77F-47E5-8534-B2519F5AD4E2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"69b41877ac9dab86c0e75bb0a048269ca1e70d5f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6539282,"id":"Q6539282"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"3cc45e7dd181aba286493c3ee151b18efa0badd9","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.760653018951416","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q6585651$4B2B9D18-B8F9-4B94-8011-ECAC9FB86214","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:6585651","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:6585651"}}}}}