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A topological characterization of the Floer chains which represent the fundamental class in \\(CF_\\ast(H,J)\\) and lie in the image of some chain-level PSS map is given, which leads to a new family of spectral invariants with properties similar to the Oh-Schwarz spectral invariants. The results in this paper significantly extend those in [\\textit{V. Humili\u00e8re} et al., Geom. Topol. 20, No. 4, 2253--2334 (2016; Zbl 1356.53082)].\\N\\NLet \\((\\Sigma,\\omega)\\) be a symplectic surface, \\(H:S^1 \\times \\Sigma \\rightarrow \\mathbb{R}\\) a periodic time-dependent Hamiltonian on the surface, and \\(\\phi^H:[0,1] \\times \\Sigma \\rightarrow \\Sigma\\) the associated isotopy given by the flow of the time dependent Hamiltonian vector field \\(X_t^H\\) defined by \\(\\omega(X_t^H, \\cdot) = - dH_t(\\cdot)\\). The isotopy \\(\\phi^H\\) and a family \\((J_t)_{t \\in S^1}\\) of \\(\\omega\\)-compatible almost complex structures determine a Floer chain complex \\(CF_\\ast(H,J)\\), under certain generic conditions, which is generated by the set \\(\\widetilde{\\mathrm{Per}}_0(H)\\) of capped 1-periodic orbits \\(\\hat{x}\\) of \\(\\phi^H\\). The boundary operator for \\(CF_\\ast(H,J)\\) is given by counting \\(J\\)-holomorphic Floer cylinders in some appropriate moduli spaces \\(\\widetilde{\\mathcal{M}}(\\hat{x},\\hat{y};H,J)\\).\\N\\NThere is a \\(\\mathbb{Z}\\)-grading \\(\\mu_{CZ}\\) on \\(CF_\\ast(H,J)\\) and a real-valued filtration induced by the Hamiltonian action functional \\(\\mathcal{A}_H\\) associated to \\(H\\). A collection of capped orbits \\(\\hat{X} \\in \\widetilde{\\mathrm{Per}}_0(H)\\) that are pairwise distinct and the grading \\(\\mu_{CZ}\\) form a geometric object that the author calls an indexed capped braid \\((\\hat{X},\\mu_{CZ})\\). The author considers the topology of the indexed capped braids in \\(\\widetilde{\\mathrm{Per}}_0(H)\\) as ``encoding the topological structure of 1-periodic orbits of \\((\\phi_t^H)_{t \\in [0,1]}\\) along with the coarse local structure of the isotopy near these orbits.'' The overall question addressed in the paper is: ``What relations does the topological structure of \\(\\widetilde{\\mathrm{Per}}_0(H)\\) impose on the (filtered) algebraic structure of \\(CF_\\ast(H,J)\\) and vice versa?''\\N\\NThe author says that a capped braid \\(\\hat{X}\\) is unlinked if the capping disks of the strands may be chosen so that their graphs in \\(D^2 \\times \\Sigma\\) are disjoint, and \\(\\hat{X}\\) is called positive (negative) if the capping disks may be chosen so that their graphs are transverse with only positive (negative) intersections. An indexed capped braid \\(\\hat{X}\\) is called maximally unlinked relative to the Morse range, \\(\\hat{X} \\in murm(H)\\), if \\(\\hat{X}\\) is unlinked, every capped strand of \\(\\hat{X}\\) has index -1, 0, or 1, and \\(\\hat{X}\\) is maximal among all collections of capped orbits in \\(\\widetilde{\\mathrm{Per}}_0(H)\\) with these properties. We can now state the first two main theorems in the paper.\\N\\NTheorem A. Let \\((\\Sigma,\\omega)\\) be a closed symplectic surface. \\(H \\in C^\\infty(S^1 \\times \\Sigma)\\) be a nondegenerate Hamiltonian, and let \\(J \\in C^\\infty(S^1;\\mathcal{J}_\\omega(\\Sigma))\\) be such that \\((H,J)\\) is Floer regular. For any capped braid \\(\\hat{X} \\in murm(H)\\), we may construct an oriented singular foliation \\(\\mathcal{F}^{\\hat{X}}\\) of \\(S^1 \\times \\Sigma\\) with the following properties\\N\\begin{itemize}\\N\\item[1.] The singular leaves of \\(\\mathcal{F}^{\\hat{X}}\\) are precisely the graphs of the orbits in \\(\\hat{X}\\). That is, they are parameterized by the maps \\(t \\mapsto (t,x(t))\\) for \\(\\hat{x} = [x,w_x] \\in \\hat{X}\\).\\N\\item[2.] The regular leaves are precisely the annuli parameterized by the maps \\N\\begin{align*} \\N\\check{u}:\\mathbb{R} \\times S^1 & \\rightarrow S^1 \\times \\Sigma\\\\\\N(s,t) & \\mapsto (t,u(s,t)), \\N\\end{align*} \\Nfor some \\(u \\in \\widetilde{\\mathcal{M}}(\\hat{x},\\hat{y}; H,J)\\) and some \\(\\hat{x}\\), \\(\\hat{y} \\in \\hat{X}\\).\\N\\item[3.] The vector field \\(\\check{X}^H(t,z) = \\partial_t \\oplus H_t^H(z)\\) is positively transverse to every regular leaf of \\(\\mathcal{F}^{\\hat{X}}\\). That is, \\(\\check{X}^H \\wedge \\check{u}_\\ast(\\partial_s \\wedge \\partial_t)\\) is a positively oriented volume element on each regular leaf, where \\(\\check{u}\\) is as above.\\N\\end{itemize}\\NLet \\(\\mathcal{F}_t^{\\hat{X}}\\) be the singular foliation on \\(\\Sigma\\) given by intersecting \\(\\mathcal{F}^{\\hat{X}}\\) with the fiber \\(\\{t\\} \\times \\Sigma\\), where \\(t \\in S^1\\). There is a loop of diffeomorphisms \\((\\psi_t^{\\hat{X}})_{t \\in S^1}\\) such that \\(\\psi_t^{\\hat{X}}\\) sends \\(\\mathcal{F}_0^{\\hat{X}}\\) to \\(\\mathcal{F}_1^{\\hat{X}}\\) given by \\(t \\mapsto (t,u_s(t))\\).\\N\\NTheorem B. For every \\(t \\in S^1\\), \\(\\mathcal{F}_t^{\\hat{X}}\\) is a singular foliation of Morse type (ie. there is a choice of Morse function and metric on \\(\\Sigma\\) for which \\(\\mathcal{F}_t^{\\hat{X}}\\) is the singular foliation associated to the negative gradient flow). Moreover, the loop \\((\\psi_t^{\\hat{X}})_{t \\in S^1}\\) is a contractible loop of diffeomorphisms such that the orbits of \\((\\psi^{\\hat{X}})^{-1} \\circ \\phi^H\\) are positively transverse to the foliation \\(\\mathcal{F}_0^{\\hat{X}}\\).\\N\\NNow recall that there is a PSS isomorphism between Floer homology and quantum homology defined by a chain level map\\N\\[\\N\\Phi_{\\mathcal{D}}^{PSS}: QC_\\ast(f,g) \\rightarrow CF_{\\ast - n}(H,J)\\N\\]\\Nusing a Morse-Smale pair \\((f,g)\\) and some ancillary data \\(\\mathcal{D}\\). The author proves the following.\\N\\NTheorem C. Let \\(\\sigma \\in CF_1(H,J)\\). \\(\\sigma\\) is a non-trivial cycle such that \\(\\sigma \\in im\\ \\Phi_{\\mathcal{D}}^{PSS}\\) for some regular PSS data \\(\\mathcal{D}\\) if and only if supp \\(\\sigma\\) is a maximal positive capped braid relative index 1.\\N\\NLet \\(c_{im}(\\alpha;H)\\) be the infimal action level required to represent a non-zero quantum homology class \\(\\alpha\\) in the filtered Floer complex of \\(H\\) via some chain-level PSS map. These quantities define spectral invariants, which the author calls PSS-image spectral invariants. Theorem C has the following corollary.\\N\\NCorollary. Let \\(H\\) be non-degenerate\\N\\[\\Nc_{im}([\\Sigma];H) = \\max_{\\hat{X} \\in mp_{(1)}(H)} \\max_{\\hat{x}\\in \\hat{X}} \\mathcal{A}_H(\\hat{x}).\\N\\]\\N\\NThe notation \\(\\hat{X} \\in mp_{(1)}(H)\\) means that \\(\\hat{X} \\subset \\widetilde{Per}_0(H)\\) is maximally positive relative index \\(1\\). That is, \\(\\hat{X}\\) is positive, every capped strand of \\(\\hat{X}\\) has index 1, and \\(\\hat{X}\\) is maximal among all collections of capped orbits with these properties.\\N\\NThe PSS-image spectral invariants have many of the same formal properties of the Oh-Schwarz spectral invariants. In particular, the PSS-image spectral invariants can be used to define a conjugation invariant norm on \\(\\mathrm{Ham}(M,\\omega)\\):\\N\\[\\N\\gamma_{im} := \\inf \\left( c_{im}([M];H) + c_{im}([M];\\bar{H}) \\right),\\N\\]\\Nwhere the infimum is taken over the Hamiltonians \\(H\\) such that \\(\\phi_1^H = \\phi\\). The author obtains the following result.\\N\\NTheorem D. On surfaces, the conjugation invariant norm \\(\\gamma_{im}\\) is both \\(C^0\\)-continuous and Hofer-continuous. Moreover, if \\(\\phi\\) is non-degenerate and \\(\\Sigma \\neq S^2\\), then\\N\\[\\N\\gamma_{im}(\\phi) = \\min_{\\hat{X} \\in mp_{(1)}(H)} \\max_{\\hat{x}\\in \\hat{X}} \\mathcal{A}_H(\\hat{x}) - \\max_{\\hat{X} \\in mn_{(-1)}(H)} \\min_{\\hat{x}\\in \\hat{X}} \\mathcal{A}_H(\\hat{x}),\\N\\]\\Nfor \\(H\\) any Hamiltonian such that \\(\\phi_1^H = \\phi\\). (Here \\(mn_{(-1)}(H)\\) denotes the set of all capped braids \\(\\hat{X} \\subseteq \\widetilde{Per}_0(H)\\) which are `maximally negative relative index \\(-1\\)'.)\\N\\NAs a final consequence of Theorem C the author proves the following.\\N\\NTheorem E Assume that \\(H \\in C^\\infty(S^1 \\times S^2)\\) is non-degenerate and normalized so that \\(\\int H_t \\omega = 0\\) for all \\(t \\in S^1\\), then\\N\\[\\N\\min \\left\\{\\min_{\\hat{X} \\in mp_{(1)}(H)} \\max_{\\hat{x}\\in \\hat{X}} \\mathcal{A}_H(\\hat{x}), - \\max_{\\hat{X} \\in mn_{(-1)}(H)} \\min_{\\hat{x}\\in \\hat{X}} \\mathcal{A}_H(\\hat{x}) \\right\\} < -k\\ \\mathrm{Area}(S^2,\\omega)\\N\\]\\Nonly if the commutator length of \\(\\tilde{\\phi}^H\\) in \\(\\widetilde{\\mathrm{Ham}}(S^2)\\) is strictly greater than 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