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This is guided by reasoning similar to that governing the Cohen-Lenstra conjectures.  Let \\(S\\) be a set of primes in \\(\\mathbb Q\\), \\(G_S(p)\\) the Galois group of the maximal \\(p\\)-extension unramified away from \\(p\\) (including infinity if \\(p=2\\)). The aim of the article is to present and justify a heuristic answer to the question: \\textit{When \\(S\\) is an random set of primes, what is the probability that \\(G_S(p)\\) is isomorphic to some specified finite \\(p\\)-group \\(\\Gamma\\)?}  More precisely, let \\(S:=(\\ell_1,\\dots,\\ell_g)\\) be a \\(g\\)-tuple of primes \\(\\equiv 1\\mod p\\), let \\(Z_i\\) the closure of \\(\\ell_i^{\\mathbb Z}\\) in \\(\\mathbb Z_p^*\\) and \\(W_i\\) the group \\(\\mathbb Z_p/(\\ell_i-1)\\mathbb Z_p\\). The group \\(G_S^{ab}\\) is isomorphic to \\(W:=\\bigoplus_{i=1}^g W_i\\), finite abelian \\(p\\)-group of rank \\(g\\). The \\textit{type} of \\(S\\) is the sequence of subgroups \\((Z_1,\\dots,Z_g)\\). We write \\(W(Z)\\) for the finite \\(p\\)-group attached to a type \\(Z=(Z_1,\\dots, Z_g)\\) by taking the sum of the corresponding \\(W_i\\). Let \\(Z=(Z_1,\\dots,Z_g)\\) be a type and \\(\\Gamma\\) be a finite \\(p\\)-group such that \\(\\Gamma^{ab}\\cong W(Z)\\) and \\(h_1(\\Gamma,{\\mathbb F}_p)=h_2(\\Gamma,{\\mathbb F}_p)=g\\) where \\(h_i(\\Gamma,{\\mathbb F}_p)\\) denotes the dimension of \\(H_i(\\Gamma,{\\mathbb F}_p)\\), (so \\(\\Gamma\\) is balanced). Let \\(P(Z,\\Gamma,X)\\) be the proportion of \\(g\\)-tuples of primes \\(S(\\ell_1,\\dots,\\ell_g)\\) with type \\(Z\\) in \\([X,...,2X]^g\\) such that \\(G_S(p)\\cong \\Gamma\\). The behavior of \\(P(Z,\\Gamma, X)\\) as \\(X\\) grows can be thought of as the probability that a random \\(g\\)-tuple of primes of type \\(Z\\) has \\(\\Gamma\\) as its maximal unramified Galois group.  Let \\(A_Z(\\Gamma)\\) be the number of pairs \\(((c_1,\\dots,c_g),l)\\) where \\((c_1,\\dots,c_g)\\) is a \\(g\\)-tuple of conjugacy classes in \\(\\Gamma\\) and \\(l\\) is an involution in \\(\\Gamma\\) (trivial automatically when \\(p\\) is odd) such that:  \\(c_i^z=c_i\\) for all \\(z\\in \\mathbb Z_i\\);  The elements \\(\\pi(c_1),\\dots,\\pi(c_g)\\) generate \\(\\Gamma^{ab}\\) where \\(\\pi:\\Gamma\\rightarrow\\Gamma^{ab}\\) is the natural projection;  The map \\(W(Z)\\rightarrow \\Gamma^{ab}\\) sending \\((w_1,\\dots w_g)\\) to \\(\\sum_i w_i\\pi(c_i)\\) is an isomorphism;  If \\(p=2\\) and \\(l_i\\) is the unique nontrivial involution in the cyclic subgroup of \\(\\Gamma^{ab}\\) generated by \\(\\pi(c_i)\\), we have \\(\\sum_{i=1}^g l_i=\\pi(i)\\).  The author states the following:  \\textbf{Heuristic}: \\(\\lim_{X\\rightarrow \\infty} P(Z,\\Gamma, X)\\) exists and is equal to \\(A_Z(\\Gamma)/|\\Aut(\\Gamma)|\\).  The author gives:  {\\parindent=6mm \\begin{itemize}\\item[1)]some justifications for the random \\(p\\)-groups with inertia data corresponding to \\(G_S(p)\\),  \\item[2)]some justifications for the random pro-\\(p\\) groups and random pro-\\(p\\) braid groups with an analogy with functions fields,  \\item[3)]for \\(p=2\\), the previous ones completed with experimental tests with MAGMA software,  \\item[4)]some numerical evidences for the groups with abelianization \\(\\mathbb Z/p\\mathbb Z\\times \\mathbb Z/p\\mathbb Z\\), (\\(p\\) odd), \\(\\mathbb Z/2\\mathbb Z\\times \\mathbb Z/2\\mathbb Z\\), \\(\\mathbb Z/2\\mathbb Z\\times \\mathbb Z/4\\mathbb Z\\) and \\(\\mathbb Z/4\\mathbb Z\\times \\mathbb Z/4\\mathbb Z\\).   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