{"entities":{"Q6652250":{"pageid":14263407,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q6652250","lastrevid":57406917,"modified":"2026-03-30T20:12:48Z","type":"item","id":"Q6652250","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"A complete classification of shuffle groups"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7957364"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$6969712C-5A83-4107-8CA6-B2879D9CE6C6","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"88fdf225a30a1592649bd5af116b1c61a6e95403","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"A complete classification of shuffle groups","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$B22D9545-239A-49CE-A949-CC4DF3192725","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"a33c2ae9abacb32e460caa2cad38ca144ceeb00f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":281628,"id":"Q281628"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$EF71C706-DB04-4FA7-B148-A6E5AF076BE9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"c1e1fbdbd1b2d2c67c75bc8756966e1996cefb05","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":338550,"id":"Q338550"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$89947B22-82AC-4830-9382-9A3F86D23CBC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"d31d2ed78c096c5072910cb2dc21aacb27785d62","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5864072,"id":"Q5864072"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$EDE84FB6-911D-4D7C-AB1A-1B2B297E8EFF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"5e35a550e75064eaebff902082bf3cbf9f8ffe6b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":776290,"id":"Q776290"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$8BAF395B-8B23-4E02-AF3B-EB40EF76C3BF","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"5baf9375b833e8eee8ffb2428e369e2151f75467","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2794647,"id":"Q2794647"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$7D32D79E-D0D8-4999-ABD0-2993062FD5B4","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"5ac4c474c44019d2bbbb13c1ab97764cd6367574","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$106B7960-C18C-4FF2-8922-8D9AC01CA81C","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"822ebdb8ec014ba9b724849b6d37b9adddc4db53","datavalue":{"value":"Given a deck of \\(2n\\) cards, one can perfectly shuffle them by first cutting the deck into two piles, and then interleaving the two piles in either order. The \\textit{out-shuffle} leaves the original top card at the top, while the \\textit{in-shuffle} moves the original top card to second. One defines \\(G_{2,2n}\\) to be the subgroup of \\(\\mathrm{Sym}(2n)\\) generated by the out-shuffle and in-shuffle.\\N\\N\\textit{P. Diaconis} et al. [Adv. Appl. Math. 4, 175--196 (1983; Zbl 0521.05005)] completely determined the structure of \\(G_{2,2n}\\) (also see Theorem 1.1 of the paper under review). They also proposed a more general problem that can be phrased for any natural number \\(k\\geq 2\\), as follows.\\N\\NGiven a deck of \\(kn\\) cards, one can perfectly shuffle them by first dividing the deck into \\(k\\) piles, and then interleaving the \\(k\\) piles in any of the \\(k!\\) possible orders. One defines \\(G_{k,kn}\\) to be the subgroup of \\(\\mathrm{Sym}(kn)\\) generated by these shuffles.\\N\\NSince the structure of \\(G_{k,kn}\\) was known for \\(k=2\\), it is natural to ask what happens for \\(k\\geq 3\\). This problem has been investigated in the literature, and there was a conjecture that \\(G_{k,kn}\\) contains \\(A_{kn}\\) whenever \\(k\\geq 3\\), \\(n\\) is not a power of \\(k\\), and \\((k,n)\\neq (4,2^f)\\) for any \\(f\\in \\mathbb{N}\\).\\N\\NThe paper under review confirmed this conjecture by reducing the problem to checking that \\(G_{k,kn}\\) is \\(2\\)-transitive whenever \\(k\\geq 3\\) and \\(n\\) is not a power of \\(k\\). The proof requires some deep results in group theory that rely on the classification of finite simple groups. As a consequence, together with previous work in the literature, the structure of \\(G_{k,kn}\\) is now completely known for \\(k\\geq 3\\) as well.\\N\\NHere is the classification of shuffle groups as stated in Theorem 1.5 of the paper.\\N\\N\\noindent\\textbf{Theorem.} For \\(k\\geq 3\\), the following hold.\\N\\begin{itemize}\\N\\item[(a)] If \\(kn=k^m\\), then \\(G_{k,kn}\\) is the primitive wreath product \\(S_k \\wr C_m\\).\\N\\item[(b)] If \\(k=4\\) and \\(kn=2^m\\) with \\(m\\) odd, then \\(G_{k,kn}\\) is the affine group \\(\\mathrm{AGL}(m,2)\\).\\N\\item[(c)] If \\(n\\) is not a power of \\(k\\) and either \\(n\\) is odd or both \\(n/2\\) and \\(k(k-1)/2\\) are odd integers, then \\(G_{k,kn} = S_{kn}\\).\\N\\item[(d)] In all other cases \\(G_{k,kn}=A_{kn}\\).\\N\\end{itemize}","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$2D77D8F0-9917-4153-A46A-393C333F2674","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"b0d6da4d139a9a0efb8c324f335b2d6b5baddc45","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":897577,"id":"Q897577"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$2BF8CF43-C1D7-46BC-A9D0-11335AA6A5BF","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"99162f665c9ec138d28e4bea8a477540421995b7","datavalue":{"value":"20B35","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$CE8AE1E3-36E4-43D7-B751-6BA1D09CD6F9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"d42408b3b2a5719112a50156031a4dfd0836cf9b","datavalue":{"value":"20D05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$FE8EE890-EF18-480A-86FE-0202684153A5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"5eb5f43cf94225dbd2d9bd03e58fadef3f849534","datavalue":{"value":"20B10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$CFE1BF98-9C02-47BC-B347-487C5115DDE4","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"f4585b731420b713418799eccb172b5a13a55819","datavalue":{"value":"7957364","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$15106742-FEC2-44B4-8059-15FF8FF17742","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"18ef4b975e6c0f841b00fdab4547434c70f6b005","datavalue":{"value":"shuffle group","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$23F86DC8-9AD0-41AB-BA1E-DCACB167341F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"07f85129e5a74252a21c1c1a16f98e8c7008066e","datavalue":{"value":"permutation group","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$EEE5305B-AD35-4812-9157-EB68F7B07A7B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f438b8bf5cffba6264998607d88af1f17b732c7f","datavalue":{"value":"\\(2\\)-transitive group","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$A64CA3AC-6572-4722-BC48-3A1AEE6FE102","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"967db7bdad1cf81a229800ef1ed920f01101bc13","datavalue":{"value":"classification of finite simple groups","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$82FC5217-77B8-48EF-BE9A-CD22A0EBE791","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$73A1C082-F37F-4AA5-B4E9-C83F24E9C405","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"9b957b659434ea1d60bd7f2cdfa22120a8a600c8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2055295,"id":"Q2055295"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$4C0DC61F-6C6F-4156-AD0D-1E6ECDFA5A65","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"a054786df61003032086142aebeb72e5056757ec","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4132724,"id":"Q4132724"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$663CB1B9-9AD0-47B9-AFB9-E578DD2BC8C8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"bd0d318899f6d495f4481731f0306e3c8c43504b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1369784,"id":"Q1369784"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$85F583CA-B0FC-4E77-9A24-6C1E2DD3E664","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e71d1a73558f6b3fbdf498614a9e5ba3297a944f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2295304,"id":"Q2295304"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$AEAB66F0-7312-46A5-8F99-100E9229D163","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"622330930c793525cfc834593e982310bc5e159f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1482882,"id":"Q1482882"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$649F9AED-BAB8-4305-84D8-A6BFF3ED7E38","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"9fe234b893fe639d56d0ff3a37c6535b70c104f1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4231664,"id":"Q4231664"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$B18C2D17-91A6-41E5-8B10-8270BCAC9AE5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"6e6ca2594f1d29248b3fae83ba73235431f93747","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1055411,"id":"Q1055411"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$CA124E49-2BA1-4B11-89D2-D62D6C7B9669","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"d6346579762764d918aaad310471c8493d0a53b2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1841851,"id":"Q1841851"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$74B563B1-B766-498F-A2A5-ABE232EF28C0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"472824e5c842f7cb6b97de43063d23e56899b7b4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1270101,"id":"Q1270101"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$2326E2D8-D6B4-4FF1-B5AE-A56EC64410B5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"be883cfffd784f24e0e2b9455eeb73a912154d68","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3472282,"id":"Q3472282"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$6DF47C66-6C19-438F-93AC-DFB391F5794E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"9296a7b70f2d2d249b4b99181c0d0d12404ad64b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3770697,"id":"Q3770697"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$05ED15E1-FAAE-46D4-B73C-6D919A9D022D","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"05eeb474ab4a71098ead4cfd7b2db7cfe786646e","datavalue":{"value":"10.1017/FMS.2024.121","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$DB0A29A1-90DC-451D-8062-126D2C197EC4","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"8dc6abe21713c06a6ffedc8b76b0244b3c0129c0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3770697,"id":"Q3770697"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"6f36b2e73811e96540a1bc78c8e48db275d131e4","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8842225074768066","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q6652250$CD63681F-0F9E-4B5B-BCB1-D47CFC2633CC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"949b39de049b3eb3b20df3bb3a3ec483edc82a3d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2055295,"id":"Q2055295"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"c13e7fd8b174d56efdb0632a540e4789254d3594","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8720684051513672","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q6652250$424E8AD0-FD10-4911-8D6B-A60CC5B673E6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"595fc80fcf8f4f1e220f5b562a445ca401c21247","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2668135,"id":"Q2668135"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"d7acd36fec56ce1975a9f6501dab3f2cc33192a3","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8484527468681335","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q6652250$24B249A7-5AE0-41F8-8349-EA2703CF2CD3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"29f31b6b9fa51909d2c909a6e44b4de40068b626","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6631536,"id":"Q6631536"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"599a7b60f97b8093f7a3e68059af251baac14064","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8099491596221924","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q6652250$7102B5E9-369D-4BBA-B95A-05D652F01762","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"5ff20ba1666dcf147d38ac611600798f960b9e05","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4373814,"id":"Q4373814"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"cef904dfc73eefba6839fff8f0333ad3fb3ab54e","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7688329815864563","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q6652250$0329D934-3AA0-4601-A8DA-31CEB84D36DB","rank":"normal"}],"P163":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P163","hash":"45fcd4163b5f33e6e8c784f5522d7246c0a1a61e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":57056,"id":"Q57056"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6652250$359161C7-64D3-41CD-A306-DEF509815FDB","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:6652250","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:6652250"}}}}}