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(2022).The 2018-2020 multi-year drought sets a new benchmark in Europe. doi:10.1029/2021EF002394  If you use thisdataset in scientific publications, the aforementioned publication needs to beacknowledged.  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  We provide a comprehensive spatio-temporal assessment of the drought hazard over Europe by benchmarking past exceptional events during the period from 1766-2020.  We providegridded soil moisture simulations of the mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM; Samaniego et al., 2010; Kumar et al., 2013) in NetCDF format, transformed into a percentile-based monthly soil moisture index (SMI; Samaniego et al., 2013):  (1) Observation-based simulations of SMI from mHM:smi_dataset_obs_based.tar.gz: meteorologic forcings are based on 17662015 (Casty et al., 2007; ) and E-OBS v21 (Hofstra et al., 2009).  (2) Climate model-based simulations of SMI from mHM: smi_dataset_gcm_based.tar.gz This suite is based on five Coupled Model Intercomparison Project v5 (CMIP5) Global Climate Models (GCMs) (HadGEM2-ES, IPSL-CM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM-CHEM, GFDL-ESM2M and NorESM1-M)in the historical mode and under two future representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), available from theISI-MIP project (Hempel et al., 2013; Warszawski et al., 2014; Frieler et al., 2017)  mHM code is available under:https://git.ufz.de/mhm/mhm, revision number: 8271b54  SMI code is available under:https://git.ufz.de/chs/progs/SMI,  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Following variables are provided in the netcdf format:  float SMI(time, ncols, nrows) ; SMI:long_name = soil moisture index ;  int mSMIc(time, ncols, nrows) ; mSMIc:long_name = monthly SMI indicator SMI  th ;  int mDC(time, ncols, nrows) ; mDC:long_name = consolidated cluster evolution ;  Aggregated analysis of the soil moisture drought clusters is presented in ascii files:  results_ADM_yyyymm.txt  i - running index of clusters  c_Id - IDs of cluster  mStart - starting month  mEnd - ending month  aDD - average Drought Duration  aDA - average Drought Area  TDM - Total Drought Magnitude  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  This study was done within theXEROS project (eXtreme EuRopean drOughtS: multimodel synthesis of past, present and future events), funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant RA 3235/1\u20101) and Czech Science Foundation (grant 19\u201024089J) -- 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