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Number Theory 60, 165-209 (1996; Zbl 0960.52407)], \\textit{G. Anderson} introduced a number of very interesting objects of study in the arithmetic of the polynomial algebra \\(\\mathbb{F}_q[T]\\). Among these are ``special points'', and certain ``root numbers'' which play a role not very different from classical root numbers. Now in classical number theory, root numbers are intimately related to Gauss sums and it is natural to wonder if there is a relationship between Anderson's root numbers and Thakur's Gauss sums for function fields. In this important paper such a connection is presented. Moreover, the answer is quite intriguing and leaves one wondering if something remarkable underlies it. More precisely, Thakur's Gauss sums are made up in the ``Carlitzian'' fashion from ``basic Gauss sums''. That is, for each \\(j\\) one has a basic Gauss sum \\(g(j)\\), which is a sum very similar to that of classical arithmetic. 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