{"entities":{"Q679323":{"pageid":681172,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q679323","lastrevid":63433056,"modified":"2026-04-11T13:06:53Z","type":"item","id":"Q679323","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Bubble tree convergence for harmonic maps"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1002400"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$ACB63584-4835-4341-B6A8-31B990EF57A2","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"1b412d0f68bb0562fe6e95100048422951c0db88","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Bubble tree convergence for harmonic maps","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$331F8D41-A83E-4EDE-8408-E87F51711660","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"2b69eab055305231c26611502f119ad4159f4616","datavalue":{"value":"0874.58012","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$9D5DB0FD-AC4D-4F77-975E-8D40C1E07028","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"085abde9188961852f1f1a953122660672cc655e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":679322,"id":"Q679322"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$70BD62AE-0823-44E8-967E-C965DDB57CCA","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"33075497992c7b00cbed0c3ce471beb5f6082d57","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":240580,"id":"Q240580"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$923747F3-152D-40F3-82C2-DAA68D48538C","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"2a25635c340656bd7c7bb911f1494199e5379f0c","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1997-11-13T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$FCDBD7BF-28A5-47CA-9904-4BC3EFC0573D","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"3f1076e8ad661c0bfd1980381bca2ba3352e41bd","datavalue":{"value":"Consider a sequence of harmonic maps \\(f_n:\\Sigma\\to M\\) from a compact Riemann surface \\((M,h)\\) to a compact Riemannian manifold \\((M,g)\\) with bounded energy \\(E(f_n)= {1\\over 2}\\int_\\Sigma|df_n|^2\\leq E_0\\). Such a sequence has a well-known ``Sacks-Uhlenbeck'' limit consisting of a harmonic map \\(f_0:\\Sigma\\to M\\) and some ``bubbles'' -- harmonic maps \\(S^2\\to M\\) obtained by a renormalization process. The set of all bubble maps froms a ``bubble tree'' introduced in the preceding article of \\textit{T. H. Parker} and \\textit{J. Wolfson} [J. Geom. Anal. 3, No. 1, 63-98 (1993; Zbl 0759.53023)].   The main result of this paper is a precise Bubble Tree Convergence Theorem for a sequence of harmonic maps \\(f_n:\\Sigma\\to M\\) with bounded energy. It says that such a sequence of harmonic maps has a bubble tree limit consisting of a harmonic map \\(f_0:\\Sigma\\to M\\) and a tree of bubbles \\(f_k: S^2\\to M\\). The author gives a precise construction of this bubble tree and shows two strong convergence statements. The first is that there is no energy loss in the limit, a fact previously shown by \\textit{J. Jost} [`Two-dimensional geometric variational problems', Wiley, New York (1991; Zbl 0729.49001)]. The second is that the image of the limit is connected, that is, in the limit there are no necks. As a consequence, the limit preserves homology and homotopy, and the images \\(f_n(\\Sigma)\\) converge pointwise to the image of the bubble tree map.   Furthermore, the author gives explicit counterexamples showing that bubble tree convergence fails (i) for harmonic maps \\(f_n\\) when the conformal structure of \\(\\Sigma\\) varies with \\(n\\), and (ii) when the conformal structure is fixed and \\(\\{f_n\\}\\) is a Palais-Smale sequence for the harmonic map energy. Finally, the author considers sequences of harmonic maps from a Riemann surface \\((\\Sigma,h_n)\\), where the metric \\(h_n\\) is allowed to vary, and shows that the Bubble Tree Convergence Theorem still applies if the corresponding complex structure \\(J_n\\) stays in a compact region in the moduli space of \\(\\Sigma\\).   The problems raised in this paper have stimulated much recent work, and further progress on the ``neck issues'' has been made by \\textit{W. Ding} and \\textit{G. Tian} [Commun. Anal. Geom. 3, No. 4, 543-554 (1995; Zbl 0855.58016)] and others.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$D3F89333-783C-4865-A6E3-058F688A410C","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"0f55a55a897abe074346c1452a084352e2ff37b9","datavalue":{"value":"58E20","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$61C0BBD9-0949-4017-A0E0-0A5F8F687BBA","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"8ce3994ee931f4f165ee4f2cf8555fa88144e269","datavalue":{"value":"1002400","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$02F1194C-F188-48E3-B2FD-1F5F17BF73E8","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"3ad779b6ae4987e991819ca8457d83f1ec8725f7","datavalue":{"value":"neck map","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$21633715-9203-44C3-9A3C-D87F9B321069","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"765718156609db555714aeab759ab464f9a08e61","datavalue":{"value":"harmonic maps","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$E81342E5-D796-4BA5-BEFF-91D8ACE65860","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"14e01bab264da9e82afbbf20981efde09bd532c9","datavalue":{"value":"compact Riemann surface","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$2D74FD1E-8BB0-448E-B2C2-520A1CEC3C21","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f5495332bb7d80ce05eda7df50dd3fd44631cd82","datavalue":{"value":"bubble tree","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$7ED1DA97-ABF2-4297-A87E-C5F47F52635D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"6d753f65a8062bb92809aac1b226c54451fde742","datavalue":{"value":"Palais-Smale sequence","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$31AC6D15-5129-46FA-8CE5-7D1BCB86D9C8","rank":"normal"}],"P12":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P12","hash":"1073398810d2fd462e5df87d116f7d1399218fca","datavalue":{"value":"Q115176219","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$3F9106F0-477D-40E2-A670-8BD62BE81BAA","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$BBA03E61-FF77-450B-9F3B-D28F3CB36BBE","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"4b2d1a07f118e1a3cdf4f73e23f1652cc4130a41","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.4310/jdg/1214459224","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$CD01C123-64F5-4E68-8EC2-DB42EC3892B2","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"96ae1b5206d7088cd06a1163e993f6b5d9abaa6e","datavalue":{"value":"W2136373840","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$CCBB73F9-FDD3-4F2C-9EBD-62634C5C92D5","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"ae0237169a6c5639ac5dc8aa44510f19392e69ec","datavalue":{"value":"10.4310/JDG/1214459224","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q679323$D2327BF5-1483-491D-8BD2-E0859C14A850","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"7996caa0eb596475aad0b49cbfe87bd45e3fa0af","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2192946,"id":"Q2192946"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"1354cd8720548902969395b3d531033e2ee2c3b1","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.85522425","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q679323$25D33527-100F-4F57-997E-320366EFC249","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1b7bf13ab46e4648943cdc35e00739bccbbc6d25","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1956498,"id":"Q1956498"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"4255fc36c4ca824b2eee044fa843a71358267da0","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8256599","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q679323$808CC3A6-E5B9-4FB0-97F7-2BDF9BE3055F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2d0e22e4c99d279ceb4942c658829b58755ae630","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":616635,"id":"Q616635"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"3f736713f706a19c1befe3a229693962d69fe705","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.80752164","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q679323$33DF17C5-A4A4-4709-A66D-D26643C93BAF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"3283c8dd7b2392e4c29171a33657d2b6de20d4ed","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3189588,"id":"Q3189588"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b53f49df261c04078d5572bf1943c79e92277a27","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.80528617","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q679323$4EA1F694-4CB2-4DBE-AD9B-E0EA6A1F04BB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"6e8a523faf8674ba6dd04df6d0b9fbd40e7bd880","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1917675,"id":"Q1917675"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"fa7b11d39be04258b4c8e5896cfec0b52a0ec8dc","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.79375964","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q679323$FE3A8483-0DD3-46D2-A2B3-332179CF530C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"860d3f200da15f0b9fda34bb1c5a61a2151c22c9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":846880,"id":"Q846880"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"8461799a4eaabeacd04a272ee9a747f917844dc4","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.78615785","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q679323$12BE1D94-2BAC-4E56-BCE8-B3C4773E03AD","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"e8286c20264640a995bfc9f126f690b37f675358","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":363197,"id":"Q363197"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"06f4177be5e98b0f2e28c17ab7e640bee8ce779e","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7809103","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q679323$9A12743A-2E69-4AAA-B17E-F0AD94D6BB58","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ec712b53a9a7e3b306ea67380d6e51e7946b324f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4938336,"id":"Q4938336"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"a1f42b8ccad68d40964f1a2fdda1deca76fb2c1c","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.77096057","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q679323$EF386D4A-F233-45A8-B3F8-F1D6B3C1FD79","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"44369ea685abfde1e4d1d3640a1ca4ed88cbbd08","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5047926,"id":"Q5047926"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"a73823e3b9a26d40cb9cf923325cb6c95d1aca02","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.76990724","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q679323$EA642BC3-B501-4328-B76E-181447A7D5AF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"006fa42537b645cddb4659f9efc1b6ddb5fb07c6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1930285,"id":"Q1930285"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"baa9435270e46e38dc12dd9ca7c37edcadf24070","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7583798","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q679323$97C770E4-80C5-42C5-8BBD-9A6810B0F6CA","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Bubble tree convergence for harmonic maps","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Bubble_tree_convergence_for_harmonic_maps"}}}}}