{"entities":{"Q685078":{"pageid":686927,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q685078","lastrevid":47188024,"modified":"2025-12-31T23:06:02Z","type":"item","id":"Q685078","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"On \\(\\Sigma _ 1\\) and \\(\\Pi _ 1\\) sentences and degrees of interpretability"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 416886"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$488B68E7-5B3C-40BE-AFE3-903E0C039A52","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"067235e5a4a7747cd6903a48ba0d7c5819e96a28","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"On \\(\\Sigma _ 1\\) and \\(\\Pi _ 1\\) sentences and degrees of interpretability","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$40CDA133-B7E9-492E-9566-EA269B91FC8D","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"5819a753c96c9388bfc5c187b1581ed0278fa7e6","datavalue":{"value":"0805.03049","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$FAE69605-6845-4CA5-8A24-45FE4B553D15","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"075ab1fa2796df3d346491ab576abfecfcf63447","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/0168-0072(93)90203-P","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$AFB2317D-1548-4832-B043-2D6E84561899","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"f91a4bcbc93435aed71775d25a4c5cd09e26f12d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":122505,"id":"Q122505"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$9CB5CCF2-4AC1-4457-A949-E9A2E57A6DF7","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"6918393775fb1c8826438f5277bce44cf6f24c36","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1993-09-22T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$E24EA232-4AA2-459D-8C72-8E9749B488F1","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"918966ef1b8b2cd4956facfaa8a6e532c709a783","datavalue":{"value":"Let \\(D_ T\\) be the lattice of degrees of interpretability defined by the author in Notre Dame J. Formal logic 25, 127-140 (1984; Zbl 0552.03039). Let \\(\\Gamma\\) be a set of sentences. A degree \\(a\\in D_ T\\) is \\(\\Gamma\\) sentence \\(\\varphi\\) such that \\(a= d(T+ \\varphi)\\). All degrees are \\(\\Pi_ 2\\) and \\(\\Sigma_ 2\\). This was improved by Franco Montagna (private communication) who observed that all degrees are \\(\\Delta_ 2\\) (Theorem 1). But then it is natural to ask if all degrees are \\(B_ 1\\), where \\(B_ 1\\) is the set of Boolean combinations of \\(\\Sigma_ 2\\) sentences. Not unexpectedly the answer is negative (Theorem 2(i)); in fact, every nontrivial interval \\([a,b]\\) (\\(=\\{c: a\\leq c\\leq b\\}\\), where \\(a<b\\)) has a nontrivial subinterval containing no \\(B_ 1\\) degree (Theorem 2(ii)). We also show that there are \\(\\Sigma_ 1\\) degrees \\(a_ 0\\), \\(a_ 1\\) such that \\(a_ 0\\cup a_ 1\\) is not \\(B_ 1\\) (Theorem 2(iii)). This would follow triviality from Theorem 2(i) if every degree is the least upper bound (l.u.b) of two (finitely many) \\(\\Sigma_ 1\\) degrees. Thus it is relevant to show that that is not true (Corollary 1); in fact, there is a \\(\\Pi_ 1\\) degree which cannot be obtained from 0 by taking finite l.u.b.s and g.l.b.s (greatest lower bounds) and \\(\\Sigma_ 1\\)-extensions (defined below) (Theorem 3). We then go on to prove (a result implying) that there is a degree which is not the l.u.b. of a finite set of \\(\\Sigma_ 1\\) and \\(\\Pi_ 1\\) degrees (Theorem 4). A degree \\(a\\) is said to cup to \\(b\\) if there is a \\(c< b\\) such that \\(a\\cup c= b\\). One way to improve Corollary 1 would to be show that there is a \\(\\Pi_ 1\\) degree \\(a>0\\) such that no \\(\\Sigma_ 1\\) degree cups to \\(a\\). We prove (a result implying) that there is no such degree (Theorem 5). In the cited paper, it is shown that there is a degree \\(a<1\\) which cups to every degree \\(b\\) such that \\(a\\leq b<1\\). We improve this by showing that \\(a\\) can be taken to be \\(\\Sigma_ 1\\) (Theorem 6). The above-mentioned consequence of Theorem 4 leads to the question if there is a degree \\(a>0\\) such that no \\(\\Pi_ 1\\) degree cups to \\(a\\). We show that the answer is affirmative (Theorem 7; this result was not obtained until after the PIA conference at Utrecht). Finally, we consider the existence of pseudocomplements. In the cited paper, it is shown that there is a degree which has no pseudocomplement (p.c.). We now improve this by showing that there is a \\(\\Sigma_ 1\\) degree with no p.c. (Theorem 8). Trivially every \\(\\Pi_ 1\\) degree has a p.c. This leads to the question if there is a \\(\\Sigma_ 1\\) and non- \\(\\Pi_ 1\\) degree which has a p.c. We show that the answer is affirmative (Theorem 9). We mention several open problems.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$583BBE38-B57D-426F-89ED-B044E341463E","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"4dd17e948ef0e266d136e969bf8283741afbd898","datavalue":{"value":"03F25","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$C80B5B0D-4ACF-49DA-87A6-8618FEA9F720","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"379be2ae88ac653823960287ba517e23fc9265f4","datavalue":{"value":"03D30","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$BB6ABA50-FFEB-426C-BCBC-65840C2B523F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"c15287dbb142f8dc10ab92a91b8457ac3c169cd3","datavalue":{"value":"03F30","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$1D86CD07-AD72-490E-AA34-8D340B0B8EC4","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"2c955c245292a406776f7a9f9a6b23b375884ab0","datavalue":{"value":"416886","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$CF6668FE-479B-4A1C-A35F-99D44B2DC261","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"7f483c78399105115febc8a45d3627c3e791dd93","datavalue":{"value":"\\(\\Pi_ 1\\) sentences","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$6F6B1A57-6AF3-4F00-BA3E-18BBC51BF2F1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b7ef6d6a094da1f13fdac4cb438f23ff75be50d0","datavalue":{"value":"degrees of interpretability","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$03CD9192-0089-4F36-B2B6-FBD604E72E39","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"932abfeb99f1dc02002fcd90b124e5bf8c07b1ae","datavalue":{"value":"\\(\\Sigma_ 2\\) sentences","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$AA9FDD09-8A8E-4A11-ABA4-C9ED02C18B49","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"91b2a32fbf63afb4dfe51f94b9502c8786e8ae21","datavalue":{"value":"\\(\\Sigma_ 1\\) degrees","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$6C8D67AC-F2E8-445A-AD16-27ABB2618A67","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"0daf8905faff4c3b2347ba1fe8b7b1796034fce7","datavalue":{"value":"\\(\\Pi_ 1\\) degrees","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$421234FB-975E-4521-A892-FB5E4F972279","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"fdcb95ffedd400cb4bcbd585a914c4a3a88fae72","datavalue":{"value":"pseudocomplements","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$DD5615A4-9E04-4D42-A378-E0B8F473A490","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$1B873A24-9E65-4D60-B27A-B913227371DE","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"6368fe1ece1e76810d2cfa685335364aa401c990","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3273298,"id":"Q3273298"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$324E3274-6ED4-4104-BDD1-ACC6570FE953","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e15b409b75899274128eb741092df9c3a83f6b66","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3206949,"id":"Q3206949"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$623197DF-64A5-4C4C-989C-F60922ECFCE3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"1d180963570664aa1a82a9b2635813da486d110f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3698795,"id":"Q3698795"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$7379178A-7DE0-41E6-8FFB-20C751C101F9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"dd51bbc740638b2488ec466fd58664ff7c6547e9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":800922,"id":"Q800922"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$392B70A7-A765-4507-A91E-E864C7A42DBB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"51efbc255eadeebcdc6f6583f400974101736494","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3726109,"id":"Q3726109"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$A7FACB45-DB89-4547-A7B9-B13678D3450F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"96b42dfb20fcebbb8f50196c4d22414616af898b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1078163,"id":"Q1078163"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$575087AA-BBBD-4701-9921-FA6A52046F58","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"899a190f8b9f07830eeda0a31ae8d716d2ea8c61","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4193434,"id":"Q4193434"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$8E84EAC7-6C33-4C5A-8986-A5BA9BA71D08","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"162e0d084645b340ee4f43a1c5c928641727f27a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6481406,"id":"Q6481406"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q685078$B6367723-6BEC-4094-81EE-A4BA4EA00292","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"fb4d89220033a01f7512528790c8c26cada10dca","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":800922,"id":"Q800922"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"404a2109ff257385232f7846ec22ea86d3d0a94e","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8386929631233215","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q685078$B0412F08-3D72-487E-BA3E-663E29E7BD1E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"7344ecbb2a3d10177b6b4532b2e1c9d7c0114a37","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5287687,"id":"Q5287687"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"8e1ab6f0f5fc90bc1e7b0300010d593433a0dfef","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7596931457519531","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q685078$2B39CFF5-FA70-4A18-BD12-EFD307A40BA5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"58e8c42a4a1bad8ab010c3d8ad5e68f00148deea","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2862196,"id":"Q2862196"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"8e1ab6f0f5fc90bc1e7b0300010d593433a0dfef","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7596931457519531","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q685078$496F4EA8-D5AF-4BA3-BB76-F0D618C5CC1A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"690fbb9bd8bebad535f2d442e86f826a696be3a9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1081599,"id":"Q1081599"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"7800116d394e66eccaa26bcb1ff9bad2eb4e1f36","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7575239539146423","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q685078$60813091-B7B1-4079-9B93-6240C8AB3990","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"64a22da687281d9bd1767357626ef815f1342511","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2655144,"id":"Q2655144"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"0d465537fb84a29c646c648ec20a6f3f4350e435","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.755554735660553","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q685078$DEBE25D8-91A7-4DF3-AD2D-88ABF75A7EC5","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:685078","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:685078"}}}}}