{"entities":{"Q6892895":{"pageid":20853901,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q6892895","lastrevid":84192524,"modified":"2026-05-13T10:21:25Z","type":"item","id":"Q6892895","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Piecewise flat Ricci flow of compact without boundary three-manifolds"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 8128772"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$DB702017-DB30-4799-A384-5A16ABCD3075","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"fac82111fb1a44aadacf17acce322687198154ae","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Piecewise flat Ricci flow of compact without boundary three-manifolds","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$11887108-3307-42A6-9B45-E61FD029661F","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"ba63206dc02429ed5708c64dd2c6a44e66e9afc4","datavalue":{"value":"10.1080/10586458.2024.2416963","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$95FA37F4-8434-40AA-961F-60E3F8DBCCE6","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"f60b0937fa991e32b24692e0515de30cb5b9ade1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1704284,"id":"Q1704284"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$8AAC974E-6166-44B9-9C89-4916C7018BCE","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"8ce533b63d10b7f2de5da010e89f9963c037687d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2706533,"id":"Q2706533"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$CACD1231-02F6-4249-9EBD-630F255FB132","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"ce2911586516414e88f6024b5a65f47628a216a4","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$3DBED0A8-0C21-4428-BEB9-C31067AE7279","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"a16dcf0048d708a41fd2228e8b77d874e9e0df58","datavalue":{"value":"The metric \\(g\\) of a smooth manifold \\(M\\) evolves according to the Ricci flow if it satisfies: \\(\\frac{dg}{dt}=-2\\mathrm{Rc}\\), where \\(\\mathrm{Rc}\\) is the Ricci curvature, or to a normalized Ricci flow if \\N\\[\\N\\frac{dg}{dt}=-2\\mathrm{Rc}+\\frac{2}{3}\\widetilde{R} _{M}g,\\N\\] \\Nwhere \\(\\widetilde{R}_{M}\\) is the average scalar curvature of the manifold. A piecewise flat approximation of the smooth Ricci flow is a set of independent equations for the fractional change in the edge-lengths written as \\N\\[\\N\\frac{1}{\\left\\vert \\ell \\right\\vert}\\frac{d\\left\\vert \\ell \\right\\vert}{dt}=-\\mathrm{Rc}_{\\ell}\\N\\] \\Nor \\N\\[\\N\\frac{1}{\\left\\vert \\ell \\right\\vert} \\frac{d\\left\\vert \\ell \\right\\vert}{dt}=-\\mathrm{Rc}_{\\ell}+\\frac{1}{3}\\widetilde{R} _{S}\\N\\] \\Nfor piecewise flat approximations \\(\\mathrm{Rc}_{\\ell}\\) of the curvature tangent to the corresponding geodesic segments, and \\(\\widetilde{R}_{S}\\) of the average scalar curvature of the manifold. The piecewise flat Ricci curvature \\(\\mathrm{Rc}_{\\ell}\\) is defined as \\N\\[\\N\\mathrm{Rc}_{\\ell}=\\frac{1}{2}\\frac{R_{\\nu _{1}}+R_{\\nu 2}}{2}-K_{\\ell}^{\\perp},\\N\\] \\Nwhere \\(K^{\\perp}\\) is the sectional curvature orthogonal to an edge \\(\\ell \\), \\(R_{\\nu}\\) the scalar curvature at a vertex \\(\\nu \\), and \\(\\nu _{1}\\) and \\(\\nu _{2}\\) the vertices bounding \\(\\ell \\). The average scalar curvature \\(\\widetilde{R}_{S}\\) of the piecewise flat manifold \\(S\\) is given as \\N\\[\\N\\widetilde{R}_{S}=\\frac{2}{\\left\\vert S\\right\\vert}\\sum_{i}\\left\\vert l_{i}\\right\\vert \\epsilon _{i},\\N\\] \\Nwhere \\( \\epsilon _{i}\\) is the deficit angle \\(\\epsilon _{i}=2\\pi -\\sum_{t}\\theta _{t}\\), for the dihedral angles \\(\\theta _{t}\\) at the edge \\(l_{i}\\), the indices \\(i\\) corresponding to the edges of \\(S\\). The paper presents numerical evolutions of the Ricci flow computed for various manifolds, using different mesh types. The author introduces three triangulation types: a cubic block which is cube-shaped and composed of six tetrahedra, a skew block which has the same structure as a cubic block but with the vertices \\(\\nu _{x}\\) and \\(\\nu _{z}\\) skewed, and a diamond block which is constructed by forming a set of four tetrahedra in a diamond shape around each coordinate edge. The first example deals with Nil manifolds and the author presents numerical simulations obtained using the Euler method, with 200 steps of size 0.005 for each triangulation. The second example deals with Gowdy manifolds which are 3-geometries that can be foliated into isometric 2-surfaces and are periodic in the direction orthogonal to these surfaces. The differential equations associated with the Ricci flow are here solved using the Mathematica software. The third example is a regular three-torus which can be embedded in Euclidean four-space by beginning with a circle of radius \\(r_{\\theta}\\) and rotating it in an orthogonal plane, around a point a distance \\(r_{\\varphi}>r_{\\theta}\\) from its center. He here uses the Euler method with 80 steps of size 0.05. The last example deals with a perturbation of a flat three-torus, with coordinates \\(x\\), \\(y\\), \\(z\\) ranging from 0 to 1, and the metric: \\(ds^{2}=(1+0.2\\sin^{2}(\\pi x)\\sin^{2}(\\pi y)\\sin^{2}(\\pi z))(dx^{2}+dy^{2}+dz^{2})\\). The resolution of the differential equations is done using the Euler method with 50 steps of size 0.002. In each case, the author proves properties of the Ricci flow and especially its asymptotic behavior.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$EBC7C8E7-3914-476A-838B-3B06072E4149","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"ee19f59fe9c6e76362df4d3a667daf03171654d5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":536424,"id":"Q536424"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$62F8296D-3A97-44C6-93EA-2F65C48BDD61","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"15cd037bdb62d75bc1d024906892ad66b15195cd","datavalue":{"value":"53E20","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$1121D1DA-D7A0-448B-AC9A-C7FCFBFBEF9C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"9b577faa54065d72efb79a9496aa13b27d27c284","datavalue":{"value":"53A70","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$9205561D-3798-4E6A-963F-E586DDC30A11","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"0761be85482bc1d816b0c83be4283036f1aec8fc","datavalue":{"value":"57Q15","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$38C39475-B9B2-4779-888B-07AF30E4239B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"2ce72165d993b0b8ed97728d731d2db2473b9554","datavalue":{"value":"65D18","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$08FD0122-E92A-4CB6-AD75-64C56DBCBACE","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"696254023f0d437197b63b29d605e999965044d8","datavalue":{"value":"8128772","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$97AE592C-3952-43EA-9C02-D39299213071","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$78081CB1-4B90-411D-B652-BADB7D1504DB","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"a9afc84d85654c0bb73221b28200d814b4f16971","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2345753,"id":"Q2345753"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$6C2B76CE-A04A-474A-86EA-CE551DFE352D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"be880b89537d5bc3365b6d8c0d177f4b28f0977a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1104563,"id":"Q1104563"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$1ABB2BEE-2B4B-48EE-B036-E346C6CBE63B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"7f509d6e8fd48573052d89793b713e17d255c39c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4830311,"id":"Q4830311"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$711385E8-2839-4273-9FFE-CF650C88AFE4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"cda2830edd60cea0b5f4c31a787d39c1166b095f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3413423,"id":"Q3413423"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$0DE035AF-44D0-4C8B-B7F5-826A0383020A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"d7f867f340881810397543050dd94b96130a8866","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1777995,"id":"Q1777995"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$B11A7D00-38ED-4EFD-94B9-20C558F2532B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"5a9dc28b297bce68c2beb99c7d149bbcb939e00f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1704285,"id":"Q1704285"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$AB7674EC-450E-44FD-B96F-D4D87A2FFAF1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"95a1868e81c452c764bd57b8f39a1414b02afc41","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3102279,"id":"Q3102279"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$941951C4-902C-40BC-818D-40443C54D47A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"63a7809eefae47edeb53c94c127966d77363bfdd","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4668549,"id":"Q4668549"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$7FE9BF5C-43CD-4BB4-A100-76A6884F90C6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"96cb07ee30f7960a01f1f2702a0fce583f7bed4e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5504987,"id":"Q5504987"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$65068C13-2861-4822-988F-0B2195FFF84A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"7e7872d1aa2dd356ca84388a0d694a6a94e3a45d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1225368,"id":"Q1225368"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$7D3A5C01-8579-448D-9534-7EDBC0A13097","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"36a7538c2c07a89ddac08cc2481b9e41011f03d8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1836163,"id":"Q1836163"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$81C33EF3-FD07-405C-AA2A-BDEEFC853676","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"8bfe749a7180f8f31914b2f1403a74e50c37b995","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3418965,"id":"Q3418965"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$CA10FB0A-395A-47FA-96C6-9BBEE619590B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"dd14cfa3acb136891128f052a010831120859a95","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1203631,"id":"Q1203631"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$E84AE1DA-9F99-4CF9-BC9C-8ED0401FDB9E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"2a8df75ef026394edfb4529fc936f683e2260a3b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1848442,"id":"Q1848442"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$2BF0A2B5-A47B-4088-A5A8-946CC416A1EB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"6a11285957c586c44ea3933e3f62b60c292f2439","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2249759,"id":"Q2249759"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$514BFD5C-94BB-4BCE-AE6D-F944C884A7F1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"c35da1dd87592bf5c33131f2384a6e8da7d07f58","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1231685,"id":"Q1231685"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$917070FD-F07F-4218-B72B-C32669326B59","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"ee991730bcf8c8bd260657d7493e14b7a4d0b868","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5485638,"id":"Q5485638"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$F1D5868E-D128-4CC3-A22B-2D1FB0725E4C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"570fbe35d15e7bb8779ff69d0f32013fc7e55869","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5485637,"id":"Q5485637"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q6892895$CD72383C-5547-444F-BCE1-8B2833E2A6C5","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Piecewise flat Ricci flow of compact without boundary three-manifolds","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Piecewise_flat_Ricci_flow_of_compact_without_boundary_three-manifolds"}}}}}