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(A derivation \\(D\\) is called simple if its only \\(D\\)-stable ideals are \\(\\{0\\}\\) and the whole ring. Such derivations form, in a sense, an opposite class to the well-studied locally nilpotent derivations: for a simple \\(D\\), \\(\\ker D=k\\), while for a locally nilpotent derivation \\(\\Delta\\) the kernel has transcendence degree \\(n-1\\).) The authors analyze the structure of the group \\(\\mathrm{Aut}(D) = \\{\\varphi\\in\\mathrm{Aut}(k[x_{1},\\dots,x_{n}]): \\varphi D = D\\varphi\\}\\), which is naturally an ind-group inside the automorphism ind-group of affine \\(n\\)-space. The first main result (Theorem 3.2) shows that if \\(D\\) is simple, then the connected component \\(\\mathrm{Aut}(D)^{0}\\) is a unipotent affine algebraic group of dimension at most~\\(n\\) acting freely on~\\(\\mathbb{A}^{n}\\). This theorem and another authors' result (Theorem 3.4) imply that any algebraic element of \\(\\mathrm{Aut}(D)\\) is unipotent and that \\(\\mathrm{Aut}(D)\\) is algebraic if and only if it is connected. The authors conjecture that \\(\\mathrm{Aut}(D)\\) is always connected, which would imply that the isotropy group of any simple derivation is algebraic.\\N\\NAnother important result of the paper is establishing a sharp bound on the dimension of the connected component: \\(\\dim \\mathrm{Aut}(D)^{0} \\le n-2\\). The authors construct, by extending a known simple derivation \\(\\delta\\in\\mathrm{Der}(k[u,v])\\) using Shamsuddin's criterion, explicit examples for which equality holds. Hence, for every \\(n\\ge2\\) there exists a simple derivation of \\(k[x_{1},\\dots,x_{n}]\\) whose automorphism group has connected component of dimension exactly \\(n-2\\). The last part of the work treats in depth the case when \\(\\mathrm{Aut}(D)\\) contains a subgroup of translations. Here the authors describe the normalizer of a translation subgroup in \\(\\mathrm{Aut}(\\mathbb{A}^{n})\\) and prove that if \\(D\\) admits such a normal subgroup \\(H\\simeq \\mathbb{G}_{a}^{s}\\) acting globally trivially, then \\(\\mathrm{Aut}(D)\\) itself is algebraic. As consequences, they obtain precise descriptions for small dimensions: for \\(n=3\\), either \\(\\mathrm{Aut}(D)\\) is discrete or isomorphic to the additive group acting by translations; for \\(n=4\\), if \\(\\mathrm{Aut}(D)^{0}\\) is nontrivial, it acts by translations and is 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