{"entities":{"Q694577":{"pageid":696426,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q694577","lastrevid":63574941,"modified":"2026-04-11T14:06:05Z","type":"item","id":"Q694577","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Rings as the unions of proper subrings."}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 6115376"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$50C36DDB-9CA7-4AF1-B54E-FCB458735629","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"d94c581ce50024d8c0d6de13061f5b7dc74a4022","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Rings as the unions of proper subrings.","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$57208512-6EEE-4AE8-A9E0-5406F991E74E","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"2eb83c982d1d3697c52b728c1b9dacdcbfac7a79","datavalue":{"value":"1267.16020","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$D1D3B654-648A-4195-B805-900306B4F877","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"9cdb5f0cf207ca9d42a8491b4c3b819827170fbf","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":314058,"id":"Q314058"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$FDDC1CEC-849F-4D58-A814-242A76019882","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"8378267ffc0e1cd85fc49cb8e38071d758167272","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":254329,"id":"Q254329"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$2F43A935-05E0-4A1B-AD74-5F96B5D33FE1","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"e1c396e0531011346401ad35f2c901bcca4ddc7a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":163566,"id":"Q163566"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$C7F914C6-6B4E-44E2-9173-AB3CAB875651","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"2e3bcac26495c13eae02759fae55f9d5c7cb2885","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2012-12-13T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$F86C2ABD-3933-4625-80A0-4B0CFC8021E4","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"acfd5839a662a85f5d6d5f1867085b3ad9de5875","datavalue":{"value":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1001.3984","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$E0E64861-BDED-4813-9B2C-5E2D2498AB09","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"b8240eb5a4edb3f27da2190fd776693955954bad","datavalue":{"value":"If \\(G\\) is a group with two subgroups \\(H\\) and \\(K\\) such that \\(G=H\\cup K\\), then \\(H\\leq K\\) or \\(K\\leq H\\). This is an elementary fact in group theory. The same result is of course valid for a ring covered by two subrings (even additive subgroups). So no group and no ring can be a union of two proper subgroups (subrings, respectively). It is well-known that there are groups (e.g., the Klein four group) covered by three proper subgroups. By a late result due to \\textit{G. Scorza} [Bollettino U. M. I. 5, 216-218 (1926; JFM 52.0113.03)] a group \\(G\\) is a union of three proper subgroups \\(A\\), \\(B\\) and \\(C\\) if and only if \\(A\\), \\(B\\) and \\(C\\) have index \\(2\\) in \\(G\\) and \\(G/(A\\cap B\\cap C)\\) is isomorphic to the Klein four group.   The authors of the paper under review study the structure of rings which are the union of three proper subrings. The first step is to classify all rings \\(R\\) with proper subrings \\(S_1\\), \\(S_2\\) and \\(S_3\\) such that \\(R=S_1\\cup S_2\\cup S_3\\) and such that no non-trivial ideal of \\(R\\) is contained in \\(S_1\\cap S_2\\cap S_3\\). These \\(4\\)-tuples \\((R,S_1,S_2,S_3)\\) of rings are called good. In Theorem 1.1, the authors completely describe all good \\(4\\)-tuples of rings by Examples 2.1-2.10 in the paper. In Theorem 1.2, all rings \\(R\\) which are the union of three of their proper subrings are described: if and only if there exists a factor ring (of order \\(4\\) or \\(8\\)) of \\(R\\) which is isomorphic to a good ring of Example 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, or 2.6.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$0AF84000-5CBE-486E-960D-B5C21FB8E90F","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"ebb96cb004791185508e9f447d258889ef519c78","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":193089,"id":"Q193089"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$CC704A59-75A0-4DB3-8050-C3A284FECDA4","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"46cc6f74904d93d783c1cf8007a9494ea0b980f2","datavalue":{"value":"16P10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$60477FCC-EBF4-4FB3-BA2C-10FF9ED08DD2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"1dee8e7847b4ea1ec0c89cb2093a26d38c393e9c","datavalue":{"value":"16D70","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$161AA3C8-252D-4EAF-9287-C25031E7EE9A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"913d3990e83d8adef69305bd4ca0e422b9869252","datavalue":{"value":"16S50","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$BA394103-DF5F-4E4C-B41D-31480A06849D","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"56e603ff8349d0178a95bbedb835889542e28621","datavalue":{"value":"6115376","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$A421844B-8625-4D0F-8036-26D0EEFC4EA3","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"ee8e8704ceed059c5cd6c37aa19c44660e03b735","datavalue":{"value":"finite rings","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$D5427508-1803-4281-9210-B5559810B4B8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"37ca513d79a42851dc819987381fef83d86117ab","datavalue":{"value":"coverings","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$CE22EFFC-DF49-409E-B2EE-63B2216A1599","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f1a8d5b21954bb7c6fb8f0a412fdd2237a4d40fa","datavalue":{"value":"unions of subrings","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$47A172D5-ECC7-48BD-9D86-DDC455D4323E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"026f2cd023d2c28eda66e8a5c9e0b5b495c9e146","datavalue":{"value":"matrix rings","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$A1F981A3-8ADD-4765-B65C-8AEC1908037F","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$50D7D688-393C-4799-A6CD-BA5CB9C53887","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"242a075400a52e0191e50cd7e555a76980d84b14","datavalue":{"value":"W2042381022","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$0C4AE96B-5717-4601-93C1-E132D00F6637","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"41a46a3e3210a9095fc9975919b54cc236af0405","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4387013,"id":"Q4387013"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$C3FB7C75-8243-4C9C-9B51-CAAB7AAFE10D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"1f34a5a50fb651a1044c7f8da715e83a38020d92","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5607265,"id":"Q5607265"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$6BC519B6-8F65-4B07-AB04-4520611C15B5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"b13c8a8c6ef95609563a4a60c4b6db82f9dd2457","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4791301,"id":"Q4791301"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$BDE38029-6749-4FD0-A421-A0264742BA44","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"5ce41211e2bc5c5e65a6fcaf4c9c35a356b396c5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3262244,"id":"Q3262244"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$C30D5FA7-3233-498D-835B-BAFA439517F1","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"885b544b710638fa7c8275848ae7477bd00a3e0a","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/S10468-011-9277-3","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q694577$37CE4288-BA96-4C82-9A76-F310547D8F9C","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"9d2b92fcf2ca41dc87e542154220dd5dbc0e0e70","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5319353,"id":"Q5319353"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"78a0fad7d5225ed55746658080abebdadeddca31","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7294555","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q694577$BE742632-1009-4B85-827C-F05D095A4074","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"3cffdbb2b670b08aeb79569fef5a06b94a615d63","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3107064,"id":"Q3107064"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"ea70629d00e5533d28ade1383937cb4f1788ac8e","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6638189","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q694577$E128A55A-F74A-4D1D-BBD7-3A4C03AADCE0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"6142f2f8fe0355cbf59abdafeda8b5241858a209","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1751481,"id":"Q1751481"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"233f34bd730e4aea0ea025096c4e8da79b5a8ee2","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6410907","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q694577$0D75C413-4A6A-4207-8619-6E4927A0D8E1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"6abbf572541d7d4edecc0587e4028cd1ac359bba","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4912307,"id":"Q4912307"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"166c683506e0fbea3493f7773d07d886f5b2f82d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6374953","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q694577$4CCC83D7-7C72-48D1-9368-20936CC1508E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1ad2f4049e539ee671e5c9394553274608dc8714","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4387013,"id":"Q4387013"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9c068e12f5a90327247fcec334cf4346446ae9ae","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.63576514","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q694577$1BD5EACE-3386-41AA-8814-C92FFFD3506D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"7f97e41c9ffad757c82b7a717f7397c8ab72d408","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2785908,"id":"Q2785908"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"08c87b6c4580f6d05952060eb3cd52997fde7b5d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.63417166","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q694577$F4FDE2A2-05AA-4B11-9CA8-6E57939879D2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"12f0e8f025fc92f5bd30e5ff682faac4bf66dac8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5513832,"id":"Q5513832"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"33925e79102cf3f914b3199002b59d3ea86cebf6","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6228925","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q694577$78EC18D1-46E4-4794-B322-E667ADF26A04","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"59304320f9bb9c7f20a3e3bc7bd7673a7c191752","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5324236,"id":"Q5324236"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"abb32bdaf6df24563f45dbd9262f4bc6322b9c32","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6180023","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q694577$6FA3F811-0D13-4CAA-ADBC-726668D047CC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"fc8b71dba37995b50966db74dd93e5f00b6524e5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2036705,"id":"Q2036705"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"2c287a17993399e1054bba3f4b5a1dc257ed91ff","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6177062","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q694577$44E7A579-68EF-4F8F-AF6B-1767C2D648DC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"fe8cdf8abb30af3d930fa36341ea9bcdbde75983","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5062334,"id":"Q5062334"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"1d5d96adfa69c8731fc9813fb33803669f4f847f","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.615171","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q694577$FF83122A-8570-4FA7-9098-950CCD9EAEA2","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Rings as the unions of proper subrings.","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Rings_as_the_unions_of_proper_subrings."}}}}}