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(p. 485) Verf. bringt den hierzu n\u00f6tigen ``semiotic process'' (p. 485) voran, wobei: ``One of the principal question concerning abbacus and Renaissance algebra revolves around the notational changes that culminated in using letters to represent unknowns and parameters, and in adopting the superscript numeral notation for exponents.'' (p. 486). Es geht um das allm\u00e4hliche Hervortreten der algebraischen Notation, um deren Akzeptanz und Verbreitung. Die Darstellungen einiger Historiker ``leave a crucial aspect of the problem unresearched. This missing aspect is the semiotic processes that reformed sign practices.\\dots It is the fact that signs are never completely confined to any specific practice or context\\dots which provides signs with a motility, which, I believe, is a necessary `energetic' condition for mathematical change.'' (p. 487). In diesem Sinn: ``In this article\\dots I will follow sign manipulations.'' (p. 487), d.h.: ``I claim that it complements other approaches so as to enable a much more comprehensive understanding of how mathematical change occurs.'' (p. 488). -- Rafael Bombelli war im Marschland und im Br\u00fcckenbau t\u00e4tig; Universit\u00e4tsbesuch fraglich. Einzige bekannte Publikation `L'algebra, Manuskript in f\u00fcnf B\u00fcchern wohl aus den 1550ern; 1572 wurden B\u00fccher I--III ediert [Arithmetik; Gleichungen bis Grad vier; Unterhaltungsmathematik]; sp\u00e4tere Teileditionen; Bortolotti-Edition der B\u00fccher IV [``algebra linearia, the reconstruction of algebra in geometric terms''] (p. 489) und V [``even less complete''] (p. 489), Bologna 1929; dann Mailand 1966. -- Der Verf zeigt wesentliche Abweichungen vom Manuskript zu den Teileditionen auf; er hebt die unterschiedliche fr\u00fchere und moderne Rezeption bzw. Einsch\u00e4tzung der Bedeutung Bombelli's hevor. ``Practically all the technical achievements included in Bombelli's work had already been expounded by Cardano.\\dots Bombelli explicitly states in his introduction that he is representing existing knowledge.'' (p. 489 f). Im Druck jedoch ver\u00e4nderte Bombelli seine Terminologie, die gem\u00e4\u00df\\ direkt genannter Quellen der italienischen Praxis entstammte, ``claiming Diophantine inspiration'' (p. 490), doch er blieb ``in a sense, one of the last proponents of the abbacist tradition'' (p. 491). Seine Unbekannte, auch tanto, und die eigenartig aussehenden Potenzen bis zum Grad vier trugen die Namen der ``abbacus algebra'' (p. 491); Wurzeln hie\u00dfen ``R.q.'' und ``R.c.'' (p. 491) -- [2] Undermining `natural' distinctions: Verf stellt nun ontologisch fundierte Behauptungen zur Diskussion: ``\\dots to describe\\dots the process of erosion of the distinction between quantities according to their natures, which resulted from economic, arithmetic and algebraic practices.\\dots To understand Renaissance algebra one must recognise the impact of both trends: conserving distinctions and undermining them.\\dots The frequent interference of these processes is the texture of Bombelli's algebra.'' (p. 492). Es geht um Bombelli's ``natures of quantities'' (p. 492) -- andere Autoren, etwa Michael Stifel, staunten \u00fcber ihre Erkenntnisse ebenso --, sowohl bez\u00fcglich der Schreibweise als auch des Inhalts, nachdem z.B. mit negativen Zahlen und speziellen Wurzeln Neuland betreten wurde; ``but the distinction between kinds of quantities is not some superfluous frill encumbering abbacus and Renaissance algebra.\\dots abbacist and Renaissance algebra is a process taking place between practices of rigid taxonomy and fluid conversion.'' (p. 493); ``some economic practices helped homogenise different kinds of mathematical quantities despite their supposed difference in nature.'' (p. 495); die Praxisn\u00e4he italienischer Mathematiker wird hervorgehoben. -- [3] From signs that carry values other than their face values to algebra: ``In fact, the algebra imported into the Italian vernacular was imported as an isolated method set apart from an evolved arithmetic apparatus, which, for what we would today call linear problems, was no less adequate.'' (p. 499). ``The Italians did not invent the unknown by building on their false positioning techniques. The Italians got the cossist unknown from the Arabs through Latin and vernacular mediators.'' (p. 500). Anhand von ausgew\u00e4hlten Beispielen italienischer Autoren versucht Verf. durch Gegen\u00fcberstellung zu bzw. \u00dcbereinstimmung mit Bombelli seine Ansichten zu erh\u00e4rten. Hierbei geht es wohl immanent darum, den Weg zur Herleitung der imagin\u00e4ren Zahlen zu ebnen, wobei er vorerst freilich die Begriffe Unbekannte, Parameter, Variable seinen Vorstellungen unterordnet; so wird etwa: ``That a number is the coefficient of an implicit unknown need not be explicitly stated from the outset; this possibility is always lurking, and may emerge in due course. The numbers are not what they seem.'' (p. 502) durch: ``To strengthen this last claim, note that Bombelli sometimes practices numbers as carrying values other than their face values independently of algebraic terminology.'' (p. 502) vermittels diffiziler Schreibweisen erl\u00e4utert. -- Verff betrachtet Bombelli's tanto f\u00fcr \\(x\\), und zwar mindestens einmal in L'algebra -- ``with some risk\\dots treating the unknown as a variable'' (p. 506) -- in einer Gleichung vom Grad vier als Variable. Er begr\u00fcndet: ``Since above I focused on how the instability of number signs helped promote the homogenisation of quantities that algebraic practice depends on, here I will show how algebraic practices helped further destabilise the distinction between quantities according to their natures.'' (p. 506) and folgert: ``So much so, apparently, that Bombelli was led to tolerate roots of negative numbers in solving cubic equations, hoping that their combinations will eventually turn out to be of the nature of numbers, as they occasionally did.'' (p. 508) -- [4] The benefits of distinguishing quantities according to their natures: Gem\u00e4\u00df\\ ``Pursuing the nature of quantities, researching such questions as whether a binomial can be reduced to a `single' quantity, or whether the root of a binomial can be expressed as another binomial, made many algebraic observations possible, including, of course, Bombelli's solution of cubic equations by reducing sums of cubic roots of binomials with roots of negatives to plain integers.'' (p. 508 f.) bzw. ``But the most impressive results of taking seriously the distinction between quantities according to their natures in the later stages of Renaissance algebra has to do with researching the natures of solutions of equations.'' (p. 509) und praktischem diesbez\u00fcgliehem authentischem Bezug zu Bombelli, wo es um die Wesensart der L\u00f6sungsteile der Gleichungen dritten and vierten Grades geht, hei\u00dft es: ``Keeping to the ontological distinction between the root and the number terms allows\\dots formulating a rule for solving such cubic equations.'' (p. 510), wobei ``this kind of reasoning belonged to the arsenal of sixteenth century Italian algebraists.'' (p. 510). -- [5]: Negatives (and their roots): An Beispielen wird gezeigt, wie italienische Autoren in Praxis und Theorie den Unterschied zwischen ``negativ'' in der Grundrechenart und dem Verst\u00e4ndnis als einer Gr\u00f6\u00dfe auffa\u00dften. ``Roots of negative numbers suffer a similar ambiguity.'' (p. 513) Manuscript und Druck weisen bei Bombelli's Methoden, u.a. infolge geometrischer Darstellung oder \u00fcber eine Hilfsvariable, Unterschiede auf. In ``So what is menu?'' (pp. 514--516) - geht der Verf. auch auf sprachliche Besonderheiten ein: ``It is tempting to reconstruct such expressions either as indications of the anachronism of imposing our syntax on that of Bombelli, or simply as errors.'' (p. 515) und er folgert: ``My conclusion is that the hesitant but increasingly spread practice with negative entities is the result not of a conscious effort to review the ontology of quantities, but the impact of, to recapitulate the factors reviewed so far, economic practices, algebraic practices and attrition, which rendered the taxonomy of quantities a less stable and less practicable endeavour in the context of abbacist and Renaissance algebra'' (p. 516). -- [6]: The organisation of knowledge: ``Bombelli's guiding principle is an economy of clarity and brevity negotiated in the context of a heterogeneous readership.'' (p. 516). Er r\u00e4umt ein, ein Sp\u00e4terer k\u00f6nne z.B. irgendeine Regel deutlicher als er fassen, so wie seine wohl klarer ist als die von Fr\u00fcheren; Der Verf zeigt dies anhand vorausgehender Fachliteratur; folglich: ``Bombelli made a more earnest attempt at classifying the possible natures of solutions of the different kinds of polynomial equation.'' (p. 518). Resumee der Schilderung der von Bombelli diesbez\u00fcglich eingeschlagenen Wege: ``The information concerning equations becomes more and more haphazard as the text progresses.'' (p. 519); dies dr\u00fcckt sich auch in dessen eigener Best\u00fcrzung aus wie ``\\dots ch'\u00e8 un pelago profondo'' (p. 519) [\\dots was f\u00fcr ein tiefes Meer]. -- [7]: Conclusion: Bombelli's Vorhaben endet in ``polternder Unzufriedenheit'' (p. 519). Bei einem Vergleich mit dem Fortschritt in anderen Bereichen der Naturwissenschaft folgert der Verf. bez\u00fcglich der Klassifizierung in der vorausgegangenen italienischen Algebra: ``\\dots we find that mathematical signs stand for more than themselves, and for much more than the regimented roles assigned them by authors and philosophers of mathematics.'' (p. 521). -- In einem Appendix geht es darum, wie italienische Maestri d'abbaco Wurzeln bezeichneten bzw. den Wurzelbegriff ontologisch deuteten. Der diesbez\u00fcgliche Durchbruch gelang wohl weiter n\u00f6rdlich: ``Per punctum intellige radicem'' und durch die hieraus folgende 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