{"entities":{"Q728512":{"pageid":730361,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q728512","lastrevid":57145272,"modified":"2026-03-26T19:09:25Z","type":"item","id":"Q728512","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Quantitative quantum ergodicity and the nodal domains of Hecke-Maass cusp forms"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 6666319"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q728512$F6B54FB9-C6BD-495E-9C02-F01F09D9F792","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"d2984ca983b40c1662ce2370b19676e5d62ba497","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Quantitative quantum ergodicity and the nodal domains of Hecke-Maass cusp forms","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q728512$5C451C0D-98EA-4C46-B6CB-524B17B3240F","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"a3cda3f5a59a9e11b7528ea0fc95539853245920","datavalue":{"value":"1388.58021","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q728512$DEC7B071-2710-4D66-85CD-6382CD47F150","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"93357dc06b7632754ff4ee0051662c4612fb466c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":248962,"id":"Q248962"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q728512$D3A61651-8540-43D2-9DC5-72FE43806508","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"74062a62bcb16497befde51af6dcf546af6addde","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":192672,"id":"Q192672"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q728512$2781FAAC-9FDC-4ABB-A344-EEC6C2AACC4D","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"690d42de52b0f98fca0a14e5cf4a14dbe711805f","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2016-12-20T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q728512$1AFD957C-5BEE-450E-A6FC-1128CE29B926","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"66dc774e84e360abe9f90ab582e276e689d9b576","datavalue":{"value":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.6211","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q728512$725CC717-9BE4-49AA-9211-905676EE1E1A","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"7ae49593db3500ecb4a64315ea41a12f39b5d494","datavalue":{"value":"Let \\(\\mathbb{X}=\\Gamma\\backslash\\mathbb{H}\\) be the modular surface, where \\(\\mathbb{H}\\) is the Poincar\u00e9 upper half-plane and \\(\\Gamma=SL_2(\\mathbb{Z})\\) is the modular group. Let \\(\\phi\\) be an \\(L^2\\)-normalized Hecke-Maa\u00df cusp form on \\(\\mathbb{X}\\). It is an eigenform for the Laplace-Beltrami operator on \\(\\mathbb{X}\\) and all the Hecke operators. Write \\(\\lambda_\\phi=1/4+t_\\phi^2\\) for the eigenvalue of \\(\\phi\\) for the Laplace-Beltrami operator on \\(\\mathbb{X}\\). The map \\(x+iy\\mapsto -x+iy\\) induces an orientation reversing isometric involution \\(\\sigma\\) on \\(\\mathbb{X}\\). Since \\(\\sigma\\) commutes with the Laplace--Beltrami operator and all the Hecke operators, the form \\(\\phi\\) is an eigenfunction for \\(\\sigma\\). Thus, \\(\\sigma\\phi=\\pm\\phi\\), and \\(\\phi\\) is called even if the sign is positive. Write the Fourier expansion of the form \\(\\phi\\) at the cusp \\(\\infty\\) as \\[ \\phi(z)=\\sqrt{\\cosh(\\pi t_\\phi)} \\sum_{n\\neq 0}\\rho_\\phi(n)\\sqrt{y}K_{i{t_\\phi}}(2\\pi|n|y)e^{2\\pi inx}, \\] where \\(z=x+iy\\in\\mathbb{H}\\), \\(\\rho_\\phi(n)\\) are the Fourier coefficients of \\(\\phi\\), and \\(K_{it}(y)\\) is the modified Bessel function of the second kind. For a fixed \\(m\\in\\mathbb{Z}\\), the shifted convolution sum of Fourier coefficients of \\(\\phi\\) is defined as \\[ \\frac{1}{t_\\phi}\\sum_{n}\\rho_\\phi(n+m)\\rho_\\phi(n)\\psi\\left(\\frac{\\pi |n|}{t_\\phi}\\right), \\] where \\(\\psi\\) is a smooth compactly supported test function on \\((0,\\infty)\\). The main result of the paper estimates the variance of shifted convolution sums of Fourier coefficients of \\(\\phi\\) over the range \\(| t_{\\phi} -T | < G\\), where \\(G\\) is assumed to be a small power of \\(T\\). More precisely, let \\(1/3<\\theta <1\\) and \\(\\epsilon >0\\) be fixed. Assume a test function \\(\\psi\\) is supported in the interval \\((1/l,l)\\) for some fixed \\(l>1\\). Let \\(X\\) be a parameter satisfying \\(1\\ll X\\ll T\\). Then, there is a constant \\(A>0\\), depending only on \\(\\theta\\) and \\(\\epsilon\\), such that \\[ \\begin{aligned} \\sum_{|t_\\phi -T| < T^\\theta} \\left| \\sum_n \\rho_\\phi(n+m)\\rho_\\phi(n)\\psi\\left(\\frac{\\pi n}{X}\\right) -\\delta_{0,m}\\frac{12X}{\\pi^3}\\int_0^\\infty \\psi(y)dy \\right|^2\\\\ \\ll_{\\epsilon,\\theta,l} \\left( |m|^{3/2}+1 \\right) XT^{1+\\theta+\\epsilon}\\|\\psi \\|_{W^{A,\\infty}}^2 \\end{aligned} \\] holds uniformly in \\(|m| < X^{1/2}\\) as \\(T\\) tends to \\(\\infty\\), where \\(\\delta_{0,m}\\) is the Kronecker symbol, i.e. \\(\\delta_{0,m}\\) is one if \\(m=0\\) and zero otherwise, and \\(\\|\\cdot\\|_{W^{A,\\infty}}\\) is a Sobolev space norm defined as \\[ \\|\\psi \\|_{W^{A,\\infty}}=\\sum_{j=0}^A\\sup_{x\\in (0,\\infty)}\\left|\\partial_x^j\\psi(x)\\right|. \\] Such estimate for holomorphic Hecke eigenforms is obtained by \\textit{W. Luo} and \\textit{P. Sarnak} [Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 56, No. 7, 874--891 (2003; Zbl 1044.11022)]. The proof of the main result is based on writing the variance of shifted convolution sums over \\(|t_\\phi -T| < T^\\theta\\) as an exponential sum involving Kloosterman sums using \\textit{N. V. Kuznetsov} trace formula [Mat. Sb., N. Ser. 111(153), 334--383 (1980; Zbl 0427.10016)] for a convenient test function. Then, the rest of the proof is highly involved by technical estimation of the diagonal and off-diagonal terms in the formula. The main result has several important implications. Recall that the arithmetic Quantum Unique Ergodicity (QUE) theorem of \\textit{E. Lindenstrauss} [Ann. Math. (2) 163, No. 1, 165--219 (2006; Zbl 1104.22015)] and \\textit{K. Soundararajan} [Ann. Math. (2) 172, No. 2, 1529--1538 (2010; Zbl 1209.58019)] deals with the weak limit of the measure \\(d\\mu_\\phi=|\\phi(z)|^2dV\\) as \\(t_\\phi\\) tends to \\(\\infty\\), where \\(dV\\) is the measure on \\(\\mathbb{X}\\) induced from the hyperbolic measure \\(y^{-2}dxdy\\) on \\(\\mathbb{H}\\). The Quantitative Quantum Ergodicity refers to the rate of convergence in QUE. This is all closely related to the limits of shifted convolution sums of Fourier coefficients as \\(t_\\phi\\to\\infty\\). The first consequence of the main result in this paper is Quantitative Quantum Ergodicity in a short range \\(|t_\\phi -T| < T^{1/3}\\). Let \\(\\epsilon >0\\) be fixed, and let \\(h\\) be a smooth compactly supported test function with the support in \\((1/L,L)\\) for some \\(L>1\\). Then, there is a sufficiently small \\(\\kappa >0\\) and a sufficiently large \\(A>0\\), both depending only on \\(\\epsilon\\), such that \\[ \\sum_{|t_\\phi-T| < T^{1/3}} \\left| \\int_\\mathbb{X} P_{m,h}(z)|\\phi(z)|^2dV - \\frac{3}{\\pi}\\int_\\mathbb{X} P_{m,h}(z)dV \\right|^2 \\ll_{\\epsilon,L} T^{1/3+\\epsilon}||h||_{W^{A,\\infty}} \\] holds uniformly in \\(h\\) and \\(|m| < T^\\kappa\\), where \\(P_{m,h}\\) is the Poincar\u00e9 series attached to the integer \\(m\\) and the test function \\(h\\). The second consequence of the main result is concerned with \\(L^2\\)-norm of \\(\\phi\\) restricted to compact geodesic segment on the imaginary axis \\(\\{iy\\,:\\,y>0\\}\\). Let \\(\\beta\\) be a fixed compact geodesic segment of \\(\\{iy\\,:\\,y>0\\}\\). As an application of QUE, \\textit{A. Ghosh} et al. [Geom. Funct. Anal. 23, No. 5, 1515--1568 (2013; Zbl 1328.11044)] obtained a lower bound for the \\(L^2\\)-norm restriction \\[ \\int_\\beta |\\phi(z)|^2 ds \\gg_\\beta 1, \\] where \\(\\phi\\) is an even Hecke-Maa\u00df cusp form, and \\(\\beta\\) is sufficiently large. Quantitative Quantum Ergodicity result of this paper implies a sharp lower bound for any fixed geodesic \\(\\beta\\) and almost all even Hecke-Maa\u00df cusp forms. More precisely, let \\(\\epsilon >0\\) be fixed. Then, for any fixed compact geodesic segment \\(\\beta\\subset\\{iy\\,:\\,y>0\\}\\), \\[ \\int_\\beta |\\phi(z)|^2 ds \\gg_{\\beta,\\epsilon} 1 \\] holds for all but \\(O_{\\beta,\\epsilon}\\left(T^{1/3+\\epsilon}\\right)\\) forms in the set of even Hecke-Maa\u00df cusp forms with \\(|t_\\phi-T| < T^{1/3}\\), as \\(T\\) tends to \\(\\infty\\). The third consequence of the main result is an upper bound for the \\(L^\\infty\\)-norm of Hecke-Maa\u00df cusp forms. Using the Selberg trace formula and amplification method, \\textit{H. Iwaniec} and \\textit{P. Sarnak} [Ann. Math. (2) 141, No. 2, 301--320 (1995; Zbl 0833.11019)] obtained for any compact subset \\(C\\) of \\(\\mathbb{X}\\) an upper bound \\[ \\sup_{z\\in C} |\\phi(z)|\\ll_{C,\\epsilon} t_\\phi^{\\frac{5}{12}+\\epsilon}, \\] where \\(\\phi\\) is a Hecke-Maa\u00df cusp form. The main result of this paper enables the author to find better amplifiers and thus improve the upper bound for almost all Hecke-Maa\u00df cusp forms. Let \\(C\\) be a fixed compact subset of \\(\\mathbb{X}\\), and let \\(\\epsilon >0\\) be fixed. Then, all but \\(O_\\epsilon\\left(T^{\\frac{13}{12}+\\epsilon}\\right)\\) Hecke-Maa\u00df cusp forms \\(\\phi\\) with \\(|t_\\phi-T| < T^{1/3}\\) satisfy the upper bound \\[ \\sup_{z\\in C}|\\phi(z)|\\ll_{C,\\epsilon} t^{\\frac{3}{8}+\\epsilon} \\] as \\(T\\) tends to \\(\\infty\\). Finally, the fourth consequence of the main result is concerned with the number of nodal domains intersecting a segment of the imaginary axis \\(\\{iy\\,:\\,y>0\\}\\). For a Hecke-Maa\u00df cusp form \\(\\phi\\), let \\(Z_\\phi\\) denote its zero set. It is a finite union of real analytic curves. A nodal domain of \\(\\phi\\) is, by definition, any connected component in \\(\\mathbb{X}\\setminus Z_\\phi\\). Given any subset \\(C\\) of \\(\\mathbb{X}\\), the number of nodal domains of \\(\\phi\\) intersecting \\(C\\) is denoted by \\(N^C(\\phi)\\). Assuming the Lindel\u00f6f Hypothesis for the \\(L\\)-function \\(L(s,\\phi)\\), \\textit{A. Ghosh} et al. [Geom. Funct. Anal. 23, No. 5, 1515-1568 (2013; Zbl 1328.11044)] obtained a lower bound for the growth rate of \\(N^\\beta(\\phi)\\), where \\(\\beta\\) is a fixed compact geodesic segment in \\(\\{iy\\,:\\,y>0\\}\\) which is sufficiently long. The bound is given by \\[ N^{\\beta}(\\phi)\\gg_{\\beta,\\epsilon} t_\\phi^{\\frac{1}{12}-\\epsilon} \\] as \\(t_\\phi\\) tends to \\(\\infty\\). Recently, \\textit{S. U. Jang} and the author [J. Am. Math. Soc. 31, No. 2, 303--318 (2018; Zbl 1385.58014)] showed that \\(N^\\beta(\\phi)\\) tends to \\(\\infty\\) without any assumption. Here, the quantitative lower bound is obtained for almost all even Hecke-Maa\u00df cusp forms. More precisely, let \\(\\beta\\) be a fixed compact geodesic segment in \\(\\{iy\\,:\\,y>0\\}\\), and \\(\\epsilon >0\\) fixed. Then, all but \\(O\\left(T^{\\frac{4}{3}-\\frac{\\epsilon}{2}}\\right)\\) forms in the set of even Hecke-Maa\u00df cusp forms with \\(|t_\\phi-T|