{"entities":{"Q734995":{"pageid":736844,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q734995","lastrevid":63973296,"modified":"2026-04-11T16:47:41Z","type":"item","id":"Q734995","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Historical overview of the Kepler conjecture"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5614951"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$1864163C-7F37-47C3-87C9-881131703230","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"53590e223039237b62d48ca906a05461d3801e66","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Historical overview of the Kepler conjecture","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$DF19DA6C-EC34-4E6D-A8C6-9AD73CE04B97","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"5d0dac22225dde65348f1cca25b778c7d5b58a54","datavalue":{"value":"1186.52010","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$F73FC852-869D-4B0D-B2BC-578B0602E253","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"c8f210947d1f10526bfe277aab343a3905d8fd2b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":684404,"id":"Q684404"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$EABFF291-728E-4C78-8167-C5DF2F90692C","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"b6f367138a9ac2b85113cfed5a6fd5bedcc8944c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":178842,"id":"Q178842"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$CAD7852E-4721-4FC4-BF1B-76A46DF832E2","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"1e9e9116570582aa7a438cfc412256eeb856027c","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2009-10-14T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$775298E1-A394-4E0B-9C65-EF6D53161A5E","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"5ae81c9afae9b3bcc3404790b72111e2a03440bc","datavalue":{"value":"The Kepler conjecture, of 1611, states that the densest packing of unit balls in three space is attained by the standard `cannonball packing', the densest lattice packing. Thomas C. Hales completed his computer assisted proof of this conjecture in 1998. A revised version of his proof was published in parts. The strategy and structure of the proof are described on 120 pages in [Ann. Math. (2) 162, No. 3, 1065--1185 (2005; Zbl 1096.52010)]; details appear in a series of six papers in volume 36 of Discrete and Computational Geometry. The present paper is the first of this series. Although the whole proof, with its more than 5000 subproblems solved by computer calculations, has probably not been checked completely by others (some of the history is reported in \\textit{Frank Morgan}'s review of Szpiro's book on the Kepler conjecture in Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 52, No. 1, 44--47 (2005)), it appears that the proof is now generally accepted by the experts.  This initial paper of the series is historical. In its first part, it describes the face-centered cubic packing, the early history of Kepler's problem and related questions, the literature on upper bounds for the density, and suggested proof strategies for the Kepler conjecture, in particular the one by L. Fejes T\u00f3th of 1953. In the second part, the author describes briefly his own strategy, its development and the changes it has undergone, the contents of his earlier relevant papers, and the role of computer verifications and calculations in the work.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$B9CEA082-8428-401D-A209-B4913E64F38E","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"8838ef64ca6c08da962aa57ef69e13e7d5ce4f6c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":208685,"id":"Q208685"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$5FDD9F73-CEEF-4ED9-8956-4B301901DE6A","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"b4e1df7ba929664ba7b91d5a816f05411516abc3","datavalue":{"value":"52C17","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$3409AAB4-594D-44EF-8662-5FC23D6538FD","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"430547771be8341149c427c126d8700b0dea2a5d","datavalue":{"value":"52-03","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$945E7CA9-BBAE-459C-9F91-A9625FCFB6A4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"6cebdb0e1604e1162f6ce137bcdc783fa53247d9","datavalue":{"value":"01A05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$3FED8700-19CD-4960-8BE6-017FFEB5DD8F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"cb6fa31c061028a10fb1c2a1679af7746583c504","datavalue":{"value":"05B40","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$5BD61143-11A5-47A5-945B-46D5F0E240FF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"85da7279b9352590099d0fabfe1c6117f39d3af4","datavalue":{"value":"11H31","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$3FCF2BD9-3EFD-44E9-A747-2F065C09516A","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"381b22bef48f5cfeabbb68fcac3bfa5d91604938","datavalue":{"value":"5614951","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$D9C868BE-63B4-4265-A03C-33A2D1F883C0","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"45af6d8fd30e0129674dfef35f56ebc295a9dfa2","datavalue":{"value":"ball packings","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$690F0CD1-1977-4262-B17A-D88813599380","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"25e7168108c0e0b8fb21891bf144316ecb1f0f35","datavalue":{"value":"Kepler conjecture","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$F762811C-2B4D-4D56-BA5C-424016D407D9","rank":"normal"}],"P1463":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1463","hash":"31d2ddeef485fccfd3a5fe32ea329d2b65b4f1b4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":35396,"id":"Q35396"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$99386E11-F14E-4F39-AA49-5D528F22008B","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$4B352E70-6E3B-4F09-8241-06FC89AF901E","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"011b99fecb5a92f7c54050ed1ebc52fd2d4213d4","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00454-005-1210-2","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$95FB9847-9316-4262-B079-FECC76BFD445","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"40e6e95c8e147e80603ec5218508b39fb4a7a6af","datavalue":{"value":"W2008559161","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$02229DD7-D2A1-4CC8-8871-B549BAA92647","rank":"normal"}],"P12":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P12","hash":"58aeeaeb20dff4dfb400258451e6c1d4be788ec6","datavalue":{"value":"Q55966476","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$E1411EFC-2124-495D-84B5-782F5FF794F7","rank":"normal"}],"P1635":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1635","hash":"3e02640ac1c6255243be353d5f9c6aa1d0ea2cd0","datavalue":{"value":"journals/dcg/Hales06","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$4039F8C2-18DC-4973-8FEC-24BB7A7893FE","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"4894465bf182b0db3c57dcef774a85734563f4de","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/S00454-005-1210-2","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q734995$1D10BE71-5200-4DBD-A0A4-A60A028FAD5D","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2c7b2e7046bc9e8cca6166a70f9ba247b389ed61","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":977177,"id":"Q977177"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"53d0fdb71926544c03f594bcc2d4152e48d64778","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8957583","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q734995$D08B28AE-CB41-4845-B8E9-E1A35628D5D0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1ccb0997fb8f5eaf8eb46d863fa1a6cbde81a59a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":734997,"id":"Q734997"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"0d5d3544d8177d1ad3857e5d6bac404a058403b3","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.89474493","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q734995$C9205889-1754-408C-8A98-535F63DC36AB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"7fb262b3677a149bb9a5a2075ae0f16e6bbfed27","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3023373,"id":"Q3023373"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"85a35dd85623fa00976deb16914cc7bcf88a9354","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.89237463","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q734995$C6B6BA93-C5BF-4050-AFEE-FCDDBA58DAA5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f402668fb16ccac838c98b369a314a2684b607c7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2494223,"id":"Q2494223"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e3235c206cceb6e5ea87f89270c30ecf2abaccef","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.89078134","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q734995$E7ACE3BF-3C00-47C9-AA16-E84A9E115ED1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b0dcd75223334b7c3e2a0cae0f88f57f7ae052cb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3094959,"id":"Q3094959"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"d5449f56eacc0d0b13cb713ba1dd3282e78b7471","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8864553","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q734995$795CF652-8979-4808-929A-F8551AD4209E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"9db29729ec5d3a62e1de724dea7511f156fb3df7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2892718,"id":"Q2892718"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"86797887e6eadfc112c09d74fb029ff60af19fe5","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.88044715","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q734995$6913090C-EADF-49FB-92AD-E790CB717D8C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"30a18f6d0b7be27ea0c307ca12eec9ecd630e4c2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2430657,"id":"Q2430657"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9596db51fb14b67ffa4edb92506e05fdf346303a","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8682656","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q734995$1D354E21-2165-48B7-85C8-CE909E0B9A7F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d9ec07b566aae37575b3d1ae6373e81a3f4e38c6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2365323,"id":"Q2365323"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"87671555f3655d8f7ecac3d2f8cdbcb47492e248","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8611814","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q734995$76EB34DB-780D-450A-961E-15726D482B5C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"7dd4d6e8cf608fa69872765090ce105f0316d1b7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":735001,"id":"Q735001"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"f2bf0a14b4051f9b1702ce70ff93eaa3de1287b5","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.85732734","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q734995$51C7396D-9E0A-4B54-859D-0313A76C8EEB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"504372c4b25cfdcd5afdb91f1b434431560b302f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5464666,"id":"Q5464666"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"ee16fe4fbda7528998594565bedd7d00dbe577d0","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8568032","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q734995$BE942F32-3156-426E-8490-9C15D5CA8755","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Historical overview of the Kepler conjecture","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Historical_overview_of_the_Kepler_conjecture"}}}}}