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Each person profile    is decomposed into a level component (the person mean) and a pattern    component (ipsatized subscores). PAMS uses nonmetric multidimensional    scaling via the SMACOF algorithm to identify a small number of core    profiles that represent the central response patterns in a sample of any    size. Bootstrap standard errors and bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa)    confidence intervals for individual core profile coordinates are    estimated, enabling significance testing of coordinates that is not    available in other profile analysis methods such as cluster profile    analysis or latent profile analysis. Person-level weights, R-squared    values, and partial correlations with core profiles are also estimated, allowing    individual profiles to be interpreted in terms of the core profile    structure. PAMS can be applied to both cross-sectional data and    longitudinal data, where core trajectory profiles describe how response    patterns change over time. 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