{"entities":{"Q777979":{"pageid":779828,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q777979","lastrevid":64307826,"modified":"2026-04-11T18:58:40Z","type":"item","id":"Q777979","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"The concepts of equivalence, equality and identity"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7216354"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$12AFCABB-45FD-4684-BF8F-38D4B754CCF6","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"7a836c8ff26651126b57596c113ccb93d7f218a0","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"The concepts of equivalence, equality and identity","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$AE8A4C47-B928-4AFF-9002-4C5F531E2548","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"947ec8ebcb5da1bd19bcc064e72d0ee4f770f770","datavalue":{"value":"1442.00005","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$033DBB0C-B407-40B6-B378-9B7F0AE94EC8","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"f30df110a14b509bc43d51cef961e17d800771db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":691681,"id":"Q691681"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$EE8ADA86-66AD-419E-B993-928379860E14","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"e4e9f74f433df1c7c3e6e0c6ffc626db22235172","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":169192,"id":"Q169192"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$09253A8F-1225-4237-8791-C96804054F0C","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"646b6016e6d4fc57cb52a46d1708029edef3fde8","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$E7FF9529-ABEA-4584-85DC-626B9257C377","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"93543dcfeeb3a9dfa2d372ace7c8f2a9ff43931e","datavalue":{"value":"This is a nice historical and philosophical essay on the notions of equivalence, equality, identity and indistinguishability. After an etymological and historical  discussion of the four notions individually, they are compared. According to the author, equivalence and equality turn out to have the same extension, but not the same intention. As for indistinguishability and identity, identity is an ontological category, while indistinguishability  refers to properties that can be expressed in a language. There is a section on Leibniz' views on equality and identity and a section on the notion of identity in Frege's work. Finally, the author shows along the lines of G\u00f6del's completeness theorem that Frege's `equality-axioms' imply everything  that can be said about identity in a first order language.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$1029B6D4-829C-4C2F-9F49-08C0D278E187","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"fea30621758d51a9df3385910ccf92347b74749e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":588895,"id":"Q588895"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$D2AEAA2B-380E-4587-86A2-BD0562209963","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"b8185bbfdd4506f4c14d2d3b46dfb55f8bdc3864","datavalue":{"value":"00A30","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$CE252100-9A55-49C4-9BC1-7452EF6B30C6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"920d53b3830654b0eb4e3a87ec3396145f924723","datavalue":{"value":"03-03","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$E93047E9-FA21-4E6A-9AEF-56CAAA1123EF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"a8eec303a1936cabedb646ebcb2c6afcd3821a7f","datavalue":{"value":"01A20","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$36700C32-4D0C-4059-8CAF-5E9641A74DBF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"01054dc6ba33aba8a952621f3343b259f4539d2d","datavalue":{"value":"01A45","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$2B1EAB56-F543-4C57-9BD3-04F5B2F55ECF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"7bfd0f006165ee82fae761f80e1a04a7310780c9","datavalue":{"value":"01A55","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$BFECDBCF-CE2F-4AC3-8E9C-A4B3AE78CA5A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"855dfff3c52593115343606bc2418a3b17e5a003","datavalue":{"value":"01A60","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$05D91FD4-3657-45D7-B62A-5A64B9D3235F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"48a2830216eefdc24b89ba9895c8f20366f6740d","datavalue":{"value":"03A05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$1A148427-3D62-4786-8E70-9BE2BD8A6642","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"c06e0874e30722381d620ef69fb36c407a01cb04","datavalue":{"value":"03B10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$460FEF12-A937-47BA-8DF2-AAD335A54C6B","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"965f25dc57c05bfbcea838904c4314fd8691b28a","datavalue":{"value":"7216354","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$770E6664-0DE1-4261-AFE1-DCD0E2F02E58","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"5f080b22ac194cf7585a56b63883129b1a17549b","datavalue":{"value":"equivalence","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$43BA91E4-2567-4CBA-8EF7-529F595E39CA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"e0f95fd7c491c2848966554299dc8d662766cabe","datavalue":{"value":"equality","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$D798D5A0-C0A8-4710-99F2-B223E4FCD31F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"63e3f554922f9694348e52a5b28c17b7a78d430e","datavalue":{"value":"identity","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$3CECD07F-00D9-4DD9-86DB-6A88952F97EC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"52ab4e015e00318b0550e0e6fe3545ef7afd5cd8","datavalue":{"value":"Leibniz","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$72818BF5-616F-44FC-8739-F72993CC9606","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"09764f38a677cc419c41406e4cd115ba9eb2d6b6","datavalue":{"value":"Frege","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$75CBF5B8-6F12-40D8-8D50-27004B83D844","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$2944854B-E476-47E4-ABD1-27CF7F424C7A","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"959a08b05c48bcb5f364aa6ae12753880f91812c","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1365/s13291-020-00214-0","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$DAAD4E0C-B30A-4CFA-9D98-72EEE0E8977A","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"37e29ae0f71613231d63d711daaff30fd08750aa","datavalue":{"value":"W3010050334","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$50D76AC3-1BAF-46E1-B90B-FC3B8A75A0DD","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"0cc76312ff380de47de6b8e5da423dc731f0d670","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3069694,"id":"Q3069694"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$8BA7DC50-7624-4BCE-BE09-1C5F9DC64C90","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"57c593653edacd8c9f158a07424d2259682dc19d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5781612,"id":"Q5781612"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$617DD459-3762-44D4-8D19-4F5FE9D409CE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"bbd46e00e025849b54a0892b5e385ef0d563478f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1393228,"id":"Q1393228"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$EA765D64-21AB-4A5F-A2A6-AA4A775CCB01","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"d7db195ba93cb41e9c63c8f784bc232bfa767060","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2822647,"id":"Q2822647"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$46F6EDC9-4217-4DA9-AA78-4B04A356F649","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"b6236bb3fbd4af7bf9f6eeca1d2fcc24b77554d8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5222650,"id":"Q5222650"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$0C61DEB0-470D-43E0-9B6C-57D91E745DD0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"a53f41f5cf361d1f3a8afdfb23d296ba8ce2290e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2556402,"id":"Q2556402"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$FEA593A9-5463-484B-B3BB-BFB2FC5F4A7E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"5f340ef84769b5326f72ef8d02362fdfb19d196a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4108283,"id":"Q4108283"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$733D634C-573B-4A3D-BC20-552504C13219","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"4526451d4dcfd08cbda48ae90f8723e6ce6155df","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3214846,"id":"Q3214846"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$EDEEAA3C-AAB1-48D5-A1D1-785D5A1A9C29","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"b9b49a836cf127cff71cbce4988fc7d02ee4ed77","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4145660,"id":"Q4145660"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$FCC307EC-2976-4348-8148-2615258C63C0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"d7530969cad7b494c8a71846f1559bd4c829e8e2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4679112,"id":"Q4679112"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$CF8EE12E-B745-476C-B703-9C51768443F5","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"6d83dce28b499a71fe8090901880b6f6a6334fd1","datavalue":{"value":"10.1365/S13291-020-00214-0","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$FBBE3894-A64B-44BA-AF53-8B5FC7C5B8B3","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"5c45b0a8997f71cddc95dec63b1d8d7ebdb7d00a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4576060,"id":"Q4576060"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"116c31105a274c2e254d300c5fb341a529a72276","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7227342128753662","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q777979$447D3816-CFC8-4D83-99C1-DA58EE91B4FC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"6ea1e3f21ff61515c7a1aa670ad90b115a118a4b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5490627,"id":"Q5490627"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"cb296d81e96a09a885ea2d64e6813742a7b5057f","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7226642966270447","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q777979$C6815612-1078-4D62-80DF-C4CA130615D6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d6a6325c4bf3ad048eed86488a0295610ed6d76f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2052631,"id":"Q2052631"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"4fc94066611d5d03827cb6fee1755a75f88fe7b9","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7084366679191589","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q777979$220C0D32-6E11-417C-9D74-46CE552A1A80","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ae3e96f7795dacd0cee28e30e68a27284a972576","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3094182,"id":"Q3094182"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"a2353e60230ebd7c08aefaaeded4e79857f4379b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.706690788269043","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q777979$D9FC922B-A201-49CF-9868-EF36E5B000FF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"625cee4b8f9a537516e4afc2fdfc215a98768f69","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1650321,"id":"Q1650321"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"2c4ca279a07240984c499e1b3c39648f59e9c218","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7001444697380066","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q777979$C0DAE399-8986-4534-8A3D-54F8518E8C06","rank":"normal"}],"P163":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P163","hash":"45fcd4163b5f33e6e8c784f5522d7246c0a1a61e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":57056,"id":"Q57056"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q777979$A338EBEC-7298-419F-8391-9519C7926EB5","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"The concepts of equivalence, equality and identity","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/The_concepts_of_equivalence,_equality_and_identity"}}}}}