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First is the ring \\(S=R[\\theta;\\delta]\\) of polynomials (differential operators) in an indeterminate \\(\\theta\\) subject to the rule \\(\\theta r=r\\theta +\\delta(r)\\) for all \\(r\\in R\\). Second is the ring \\(T = R((\\theta^{-1};\\delta))\\) of Laurent series (pseudo-differential operators) in \\(\\theta^{-1}\\) equipped with a natural ring multiplication extending that of S. (The general construction of T is discussed in detail.) Third, in case R is a field, is the division ring \\(Q=R(\\theta;\\delta)\\) of fractions of elements of S. In quite general circumstances, it is proved that the centralizer of an operator in S, T, or Q is commutative. For example, this holds for any operator whose order and leading coefficient are both non-zero-divisors in R, as shown following an 80-year-old method of \\textit{I. Schur} [Sitzungsber. Berl. Math. Ges. 4, 2-8 (1905; JFM 36.0387.01)].    The sizes of centralizers in S, T and Q are investigated under the assumption that the subring \\(F=\\{r\\in R| \\quad \\delta(r)=0\\}\\) of constants of R is a field. For instance, if R is semiprime, \\(s\\in S\\) has positive order n, and the leading coefficient of s is invertible in R, then the centralizer of s in S is a free module of rank at most \\(n^ 2\\) over the polynomial ring F[s]; moreover, if n is invertible in F the rank of this centralizer is a divisor of n. The latter result is proved following a method introduced by \\textit{S. A. Amitsur} [Pac. J. Math. 8, 1-10 (1958; Zbl 0218.12054)] and extended by \\textit{R. Carlson} and the author [J. Differ. Equations 35, 339-365 (1980; Zbl 0406.34020)]. Similarly, if R is semiprime, \\(t\\in T\\) has positive order n, and n and the leading coefficient of t are invertible in R, then the centralizer of t in T is a field extension of dimension dividing n over the Laurent series field \\(F((t^{-1}))\\). In the case that R is a field, the results for centralizers in Q are incomplete. For example, if \\(q=s_ 1s_ 2^{-1}\\) for some commuting operators \\(s_ 1,s_ 2\\in S\\) with orders \\(n_ 1,n_ 2\\) such that \\(n_ 1,n_ 2\\), and \\(n_ 1-n_ 2\\) are all invertible in F, then the centralizer of q in Q is a field extension of dimension at most \\(n_ 1+n_ 2-1\\) over the rational function field F(q). However, if \\(s_ 1\\) and \\(s_ 2\\) do not commute, it is not known whether the centralizer of q in Q must be a finite-dimensional field extension of 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