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The answer is found on p. 28: If \\(\\phi\\) (x) is a formula of the theory in one free variable x such that \\(\\phi\\) (x) and \\(\\phi\\) (y) imply \\(\\phi\\) (x-y) then \\(H=\\{a\\in A:\\quad \\phi(a)\\quad holds\\quad in\\quad A\\}\\) is a subgroup of A for any abelian group A. If K is another subgroup determined by some formula then the cardinalities of the quotients H/\\(H\\cap K\\) provide the crucial invariants. Two abelian groups A and B are elementarily equivalent if and only if each quotient H/\\(H\\cap K\\) in A has the same finite cardinality as the corresponding quotient in B or both are infinite. It is actually not necessary to consider all such quotients H/\\(H\\cap K\\) but only those with H and K in the subgroup lattice \\({\\mathcal L}(A)\\) which is generated by A and \\(\\{\\) 0\\(\\}\\) under the operations \\(\\cap\\), \\(+\\), and those of taking images and preimages under the endomorphisms \\(x\\mapsto nx\\) where n is a natural number. This description is handy, e.g. for any non-zero divisible torsion-free group A we have \\({\\mathcal L}(A)=\\{A,0\\}\\) and hence any two such groups are elementarily equivalent. In addition to the above result it is shown that the first order theory of abelian groups is decidable. 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