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A pro-p group is, by definition, a projective limit of finite p-groups. For every discrete group \\(\\Gamma\\) one has a canonical pro-p completion \\(T_{\\hat p}\\). An adaptation of Roquette's proof of a theorem of Golod and Shafarevich on finite p-groups yields the following generalization: if G is a p-adic analytic pro-p group not isomorphic to \\({\\mathbb{Z}}_{\\hat p}\\) with minimal finite presentation \\(<X;R>\\) (in the category of pro-p groups), then \\(4.\\#R\\geq(\\#X)^ 2.\\) For a finitely generated discrete group \\(\\Gamma\\) the dimension \\(d_ p(\\Gamma)\\) of the largest p-elementary abelian quotient of \\(\\Gamma\\) equals the minimal cardinality \\(d(\\Gamma_{\\hat p})\\) of a (topologically) generating set for \\(\\Gamma_{\\hat p}\\). Then from the generalized Golod-Shafarevich theorem the following result is derived: if \\(\\Gamma\\) is a discrete group with finite presentation \\(<X;R>\\), and if \\(\\Gamma_{\\hat p}\\) is p-adic analytic and not isomorphic to \\({\\mathbb{Z}}_{\\hat p}\\), then \\(\\#X-\\#R\\leq d_ p(\\Gamma)-d_ p(\\Gamma)^ 2/4,\\) i.e., the deficiency \\(def(\\Gamma)\\) of \\(\\Gamma\\) is at most \\(d_ p(\\Gamma)-d_ p(\\Gamma)^ 2/4.\\) To apply this result sufficient criteria for \\(\\Gamma\\) are sought in order that \\(\\Gamma_{\\hat p}\\) be p-adic analytic. One such criterion is that \\(\\Gamma\\) be polycyclic-by-finite. An application of this criterion is that for any non-trivial finitely generated nilpotent group \\(\\Gamma\\) not isomorphic to \\({\\mathbb{Z}}\\) or \\({\\mathbb{Z}}\\times {\\mathbb{Z}}\\) with minimal presentation \\(<X;R>\\) the inequalities \\(4.\\#R>(\\#X)^ 2,\\quad def(\\Gamma)<1\\) hold. Another sufficient criterion is that \\(\\Gamma\\) is an arithmetic subgroup with the so-called congruence subgroup property with respect to a simply connected simple algebraic group over an algebraic number field. The final two sections contain some results on the deficiency of lattices in semisimple Lie groups with real rank 1 and a proof of the fact that no arithmetic lattice in \\(SL_ 2({\\mathbb{C}})\\) has the congruence subgroup 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