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H. Maserick} [ibid. 236, 209-216 (1978; Zbl 0385.31009)] introduisit, pour \u00e9tablir une formule de L\u00e9vy-Khintchine dans le cadre des semi-groupes \\((S,+,*)\\) ab\u00e9liens munis d'une involution, la notion de forme quadratique \\(q: S\\to {\\mathbb{R}}\\), g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisant les formes quadratiques couramment utilis\u00e9es en th\u00e9orie des groupes. La forme q devait ainsi v\u00e9rifier une condition d'hermiticit\u00e9 \\(q(t^*)=q(t)\\), ainsi que l'\u00e9quation  \\[  (1)\\quad q(s+t)+q(s+t^*)=2q(s)+2q(t)\\quad (s,t\\in S).  \\]  Une restriction existait toutefois dans l'article de Maserick, car en effet les fonctions d\u00e9finies n\u00e9gatives \u00e9tudi\u00e9es et repr\u00e9sentables par une formule de L\u00e9vy-Khintchine, \u00e9taient born\u00e9es inf\u00e9rieurement. Lorsqu'on s'affranchit de cette condition, en \u00e9tudiant par exemple les semi-groupes de moments complexes, on s'aper\u00e7oit que les formes de Maserick ne suffisent plus \u00e0 rendre totalement compte de la situation. Dans un article r\u00e9cent de l'A. [''Semi-groupes de moments sur \\({\\mathbb{R}}^ p\\) et \\({\\mathbb{C}}^ p\\)'', Ark. Mat. (\u00e0 para\u00eetre)] les formes quadratiques int\u00e9ressantes, d\u00e9finies sur le semi-groupe \\(S_ p=({\\mathbb{N}}^ p\\times {\\mathbb{N}}^ p,+,*)\\), avec l'involution \\((m,n).^*=(n,m)\\), et choisies 2-homog\u00e8nes, c'est-\u00e0-dire telles que \\(q(ks)=k^ 2q(s)\\), \\(k\\in {\\mathbb{N}}\\), ce qui est essentiel pour la suite, s'av\u00e8rent \u00eatre \u00e0 valeurs complexes, hermitiennes \\(q(s^*)=\\overline{q(s)}\\), et associ\u00e9es \u00e0 trois \\(p\\times p\\) matrices r\u00e9elles A,B,C, o\u00f9 A et C sont sym\u00e9triques, selon  \\[  (2)\\quad q(s)=<A(m+n),m+n>+2i<B(m+n),m-n>-<C(m-n),m-n>\\quad s=(m,n).  \\]  Ces nouvelles formes ne sont r\u00e9elles que si \\(B=0\\), elles ne sont du type de Maserick que si \\(A=B=0\\). De plus une condition n\u00e9cessaire et suffisante pour qu'elles engendrent un semi-groupe de moments complexes exp \\(tq(s)\\), \\(t\\geq 0\\), est que la \\(2p\\times 2p\\) matrice sym\u00e9trique \\(\\left[ \\begin{matrix} A&B^* \\\\ B&C \\end{matrix} \\right]\\) soit de type positif, autrement dit que l'on ait  \\[  (3)\\quad <AX,X>+2<BX,Y>+<CY,Y>\\geq 0\\quad (X,Y\\in {\\mathbb{Z}}^ p)  \\]  Ces faits \u00e9tant rappel\u00e9s, l'article pose et r\u00e9sout compl\u00e8tement plusieurs questions. La premi\u00e8re est la recherche d'une \u00e9quation fonctionnelle, gardant un sens pour un semi-groupe involutif quelconque S, plus g\u00e9n\u00e9rale que (1), mais juste assez pour avoir pour solutions 2-homog\u00e8nes les formes (2) dans le cas \\(S=S_ p\\). L'\u00e9quation est la suivante  \\[  (4)\\quad q(s+t+t^*)+q(s)+q(t)+q(t^*)= q(t+t^*)+q(s+t)+q(s+t^*).  \\]  La seconde est la r\u00e9solution g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de (4), avec les conditions d'hermiticit\u00e9 et de 2-homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9. Cette r\u00e9solution oblige \u00e0 obtenir l'analogue dans le cas g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du terme (m-n), qui appara\u00eet naturellement dans (2). Pour cela la m\u00e9thode utilis\u00e9e consiste d'abord \u00e0 \u00e9tudier (4) dans le cas d'un semi-groupe dit ''r\u00e9el'', o\u00f9 l'involution est l'identit\u00e9, puis dans le cas oppos\u00e9 d'un groupe, o\u00f9 l'involution est d\u00e9finie par \\(s^*=-s\\). Ensuite un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de d\u00e9composition unique permet d'\u00e9crire \\(q=q_ 1+2iq_ 2-q_ 3\\), formule ressemblant \u00e0 (2), o\u00f9 \\(q_ 1,q_ 2,q_ 3\\) sont r\u00e9elles et o\u00f9 \\(q_ 3\\) est une forme quadratique de Maserick 2-homog\u00e8ne, tandis que \\(q_ 2\\) est anti-hermitienne. Enfin, et l\u00e0 est sans doute le progr\u00e8s essentiel, on attache \u00e0 S deux objets particuliers: l'un est les semigroupe ''r\u00e9el'' H des \u00e9l\u00e9ments de la forme \\(s+s^*\\), \\(s\\in S\\); l'autre est le groupe \\(G=G_ S\\) qui s'obtient en quotientant S par la relation d'\u00e9quivalence \\(s\\equiv t\\) si et seulement s'il existe \\(u=u^*\\) tel que \\(s+t^*+u= s^*+t+u\\). Ainsi existe un morphisme canonique \\(\\theta: S\\to H\\times G\\), \u00e0 composantes surjectives, faisant appara\u00eetre S comme ''interm\u00e9diaire'' entre un semi-groupe ''r\u00e9el'' et un groupe. Il s'av\u00e8re alors que la forme q se factorise \u00e0 travers le morphisme \\(\\theta\\), ainsi que ses composantes \\(q_ 1,q_ 2,q_ 3\\), qui se d\u00e9terminent compl\u00e8tement \u00e0 partir de trois formes bi-additives \\(L_ 1:H\\times H\\to {\\mathbb{R}}\\), \\(L_ 2:H\\times G\\to {\\mathbb{R}}\\) et \\(L_ 3:G\\times G\\to {\\mathbb{R}}\\), o\u00f9 \\(L_ 1\\) et \\(L_ 3\\) sont sym\u00e9triques, selon \\(q_ 1(s)=L_ 1(\\bar s,\\bar s)\\), \\(q_ 2(s)=L_ 2(\\bar s,\\tilde s)\\) et \\(q_ 3(s)=L_ 3(\\tilde s,\\tilde s)\\) avec \\(\\theta(s)= (\\bar s,\\tilde s)\\). On a donc obtenu exactement la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation cherch\u00e9e de (2).  Un autre probl\u00e8me est lui aussi compl\u00e8tement r\u00e9solu: il s'agit d'obtenir la condition portant sur \\(L_ 1,L_ 2\\) et \\(L_ 3\\) pour que la forme q engendre un semi-groupe exp tq(s), \\(t\\geq 0\\), de fonctions de type positif, c'est-\u00e0-dire que (-q) soit de type n\u00e9gatif, et de v\u00e9rifier que cette condition se r\u00e9duit bien \u00e0 la condition (3) dans le cas \\(S=S_ p\\) d\u00e9j\u00e0 mentionn\u00e9; il en est bien ainsi malgr\u00e9 la technicit\u00e9 de la condition 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