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Failure-detection systems can be applied to linear multi-input, multi-output systems and are related to the examination of the n-dimensional observer error vector which carries the necessary information on possible failures. This approach leads toward the design of highly sensitive failure detection systems, obtaining a unique fingerprint for every possible failure (abrupt or soft). In order to keep the observer's false-alarm rate under a certain specified value, it is necessary to have an acceptable matching between the observer model and the system parameters. It is shown here that properly designed adaptive observers are able to detect abrupt changes in the system (actuator, sensor failures, etc.) with adequate reliability. Conditions for convergence for the adaptive observer algorithm are obtained. 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