{"entities":{"Q809415":{"pageid":811263,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q809415","lastrevid":64498041,"modified":"2026-04-11T20:17:18Z","type":"item","id":"Q809415","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Examples of exceptional homomorphisms which have non-trivial Euler numbers"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 4213025"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$E0D52E60-DBDE-4827-93BC-75DA1DB6BE89","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"f32224ca2e0b6c0571158c72ef711735fd5c460e","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Examples of exceptional homomorphisms which have non-trivial Euler numbers","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$BC575E51-68A4-4F7D-9330-46B40D3EFDC5","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"cee6b550249c66d361aae52c3fb4f3b876ef2b04","datavalue":{"value":"0733.57017","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$75C7F1FA-7FFB-402F-924E-BA22F1C18141","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"d63483ddb04ea6e8be77e41b08621a39e2ee3781","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/0040-9383(91)90023-W","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$752DEE5B-1418-4033-8DD0-48FBC4C02CD0","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"8fb077c1ad554dd80bdb7b0544070243590fbcc2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":676976,"id":"Q676976"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$1C8E2E96-E1C2-49CD-B122-7B9ED1727934","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"68f468c44aee9489650eda81adf5e09eaa720a8c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":172615,"id":"Q172615"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$AFDDB081-B2B5-4470-B887-B9E4191FF85C","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"391107ffc7a24346d69c573e292e4ff4587e3aaa","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1991-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$12CF0F91-B3D8-4334-AAB1-C4637FF28EBC","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"5243a25c6c36e8ee83472e4d3e7adb083235228e","datavalue":{"value":"Let \\(G^ r\\) denote the group of orientation-preserving \\(C^ r\\)- diffeomorphisms of the unit circle \\(S^ 1\\), \\(r=0,1,...,\\infty\\), given the \\(C^ r\\)-topology. \\(S^ 1\\) acts on itself by rotations and so includes in \\(G^ r\\), inducing a map of classifying spaces \\(BS^ 1\\to BG^ r\\) which is a homotopy equivalence. Since \\(BS^ 1\\) is a K(\\({\\mathbb{Z}},2)\\), \\(BG^ r\\) has a fundamental cohomology class \\(E\\in H^ 2(BG^ r).\\)    Now let \\(\\Sigma\\) be an oriented, closed surface of genus \\(\\geq 2\\), and suppose that \\(\\pi_ 1\\Sigma\\) acts on \\(S^ 1\\), i.e., there is a homomorphism \\(\\phi: \\pi\\) \\({}_ 1\\Sigma \\to G^ r\\). This induces a map \\(B\\phi: B\\pi\\) \\({}_ 1\\Sigma \\to BG^ r\\), hence a class \\((B\\phi)^*(E)\\in H^ 2(B\\pi_ 1\\Sigma)\\). Now \\(\\Sigma\\) may be identified with \\(B\\pi_ 1\\Sigma\\). Hence, we can evaluate \\((B\\phi)^*(E)\\) on the fundamental class [\\(\\Sigma\\) ], obtaining the Euler number eu(\\(\\phi\\))\\(\\in {\\mathbb{Z}}\\). \\textit{J. Milnor} [Comment. Math. Helv. 32, 215-223 (1958; Zbl 0196.251)] and \\textit{J. Wood} [ibid. 46, 257-273 (1971; Zbl 0217.492)] show that \\(| eu(\\phi)| \\leq | \\chi (\\Sigma)|.\\)    Special conditions on \\(\\phi\\) produce sharper results. Henceforth, assume that \\(S^ 1\\) contains a Cantor set C each of whose points has \\(\\phi\\)- orbit dense in \\(S^ 1\\). Such a \\(\\phi\\) is said to be of ``type EMS''. \\textit{E. Ghys} [Topology 26, 93-105 (1987; Zbl 0607.57020)] has shown that if \\(\\phi\\) has type EMS and \\(r\\geq 2\\), then \\(| eu(\\phi)| \\leq | \\chi (\\Sigma)| -1.\\)    In the present paper, the author shows that the Ghys inequality is best possible for surfaces of genus 2 and almost best possible for surfaces of larger genus. More precisely, he constructs homomorphisms \\(\\phi: \\pi\\) \\({}_ 1\\Sigma \\to G^{\\infty}\\) of type EMS and \\(eu(\\phi)=m\\), for any m satisfying    (a) \\(| m| \\leq 1=| \\chi (\\Sigma)| -1\\) if genus \\(\\Sigma =2\\),    (2) \\(| m| \\leq | \\chi (\\Sigma)| -2\\), if genus \\(\\Sigma >2.\\)    He applies Milnor's algorithm for computing eu(\\(\\phi\\)) to certain groups of piecewise affine homeomorphisms of \\({\\mathbb{R}}\\). Unfortunately, one important ingredient in the constructions appears in an IHES preprint, which may not be readily accessible.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$B1BBD7C0-C7DC-46F0-9E51-8CC3D9183EBB","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"0b280ea1b0c5ec15f5ce09263ad85a572f346d89","datavalue":{"value":"57R50","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$F8AFD2A5-06BD-4AC6-8DF7-91D8C7D63E15","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"ba0d86c72784f3114007ed7e069d8d400f58f07c","datavalue":{"value":"57R20","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$684D1F85-6AE3-482E-875A-2749D658A896","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"fccbef793c832a0d4fc4b1a887b6d6b9a9a510df","datavalue":{"value":"4213025","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$F4F62F79-7F8F-435A-A9AB-D0EF8FFE263E","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"e42ed0fb014e29f90f152abcdc8c94d2bfcdeb67","datavalue":{"value":"diffeomorphisms","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$A20EE354-4EA6-426D-87ED-59A92D462324","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"a39dcd72c0fd1d05087babd24b03cce69114a260","datavalue":{"value":"classifying spaces","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$61FB40D6-52F6-414E-8750-30301F0145CA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"79cb0aaf35dc6ff4f3af3dcb5d6714e79c59dae4","datavalue":{"value":"Euler number","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$BC9C3F4F-F4DC-40B1-8BC4-BB4BC5CADC24","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"820a776563b5bf0465def2563954b5c8e04f7aa8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1185287,"id":"Q1185287"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$EA8D73D7-AFFA-44F2-923B-4B57C59A6F05","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q809415$3B24494E-48A9-495D-9125-8945BD5F546B","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f22bd1fa8477d8da884efd76720dd77070b5fb8d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1324079,"id":"Q1324079"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"5870ac8fd3be25bf530ce8ffb8db5906a8b40250","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.81523794","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q809415$D9BA53B2-2B8C-47D6-A7DD-2A42EADE6B2B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ff0d6cbb514fc85245c0918eff622e6eeef7e22c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":676977,"id":"Q676977"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"208c73fa13cb50a04d4c6914538687ae340e8326","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7778435","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q809415$A44EC79E-6F7F-4B3F-A38F-9AA73F273600","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"529644950029ca67ef0120743b9f1331f3f086c2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3077631,"id":"Q3077631"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"c7d686dacca0213e55408abb91cec99c83e900e4","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.73656625","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q809415$4AE92325-9EDA-4028-8148-395E6191C7E7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"c3652311d9e5f69d2aadd3707a7987d51fe7e9cc","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1124174,"id":"Q1124174"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"d2f08d76a8c521209770d04ab426e9b03eb310a9","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6980358","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q809415$DDB2FB59-44F7-4A33-B53D-28DE8442A3BB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"59507c50b072f689856c680ec42f4242d769254b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1085491,"id":"Q1085491"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"efbb1622db147793ce20359f37ac1ef1959f7835","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6816924","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q809415$04EC2D65-6446-44DC-A935-EDB46E8FE313","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a2473516ea44ff9d0efbbcbba60ae593b991ec45","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5322858,"id":"Q5322858"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b260c16420277aa71f14428f5264bdaa4352cff2","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.681567","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q809415$6DEBE492-BD48-460B-96B0-53C6721D7C1B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1dd0446b65e8a4c391e6391e6d086eef5c0baf98","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2258856,"id":"Q2258856"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"6b7985957dc996aaca25a9605235152c84951072","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6797835","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q809415$24C7E5E7-E84D-4267-8D17-CD2B638257F4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"18d959155c1ad50c1d38ac2e6a3c08d9c0f86fff","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1823520,"id":"Q1823520"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e794d6d60deeffcffb7bc046becce1e9d95841c0","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6781187","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q809415$F6841EE7-2780-4180-8781-AA8FD2C62FAE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"12bc8c434c13a49b04f1b0980dd43cacccf7a000","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5705380,"id":"Q5705380"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"ed354f50dda18275c0e7a4b4a0172532f496b8b9","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.67695373","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q809415$86EDC507-CDA6-46DD-BA82-3DBFC2AA8E22","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d06cfe2b2d6f4277ba86ab3bff43950af354c56a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4875631,"id":"Q4875631"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b7e5bfa1bcf44106c29178591be8f169fa1caa09","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.67210466","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q809415$4844BDFB-790F-466B-A7FB-C3404F6ADFD2","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Examples of exceptional homomorphisms which have non-trivial Euler numbers","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Examples_of_exceptional_homomorphisms_which_have_non-trivial_Euler_numbers"}}}}}