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Arcozzi} and the authors [J. Fourier Anal. Appl. 25, No. 4, 1958--1986 (2019; Zbl 1422.32008)] and the authors [J. Funct. Anal. 282, No. 6, Article ID 109377, 33 p. (2022; Zbl 1487.32010);  Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (4) 199, No. 6, 2243--2261 (2020; Zbl 1473.46043); Collect. Math. 72, No. 3, 615--643 (2021; Zbl 07402001)]. In the present paper the authors introduce  \\textit{fractional Paley-Wiener spaces\\/} and  \\textit{fractional Bernstein spaces\\/}, thus generalizing the \\textit{classical\\/} versions of the same spaces. At the base of this work is of course the classical Paley-Wiener theorem [\\textit{R. E. A. C. Paley} and \\textit{N. Wiener}, Fourier transforms in the complex domain. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (1934; Zbl 0011.01601), p.\\ 13, Theorem X].  The \\textit{classical Bernstein space\\/} \\(\\mathcal{B}_a^p\\) is defined, for \\(1<p<\\infty\\) and \\(a>0\\), as the class of the entire functions \\(f\\) of exponential type \\(a\\) such that \\(f_0:=f|_{\\mathbb R}\\in L^p\\) equipped with the norm \\(\\|f\\|_{\\mathcal{B}_a^p}:=\\|f_0\\|_{L^p}\\)  The definition of the \\textit{fractional\\/} Bernstein spaces proceeds then by means of the \\textit{fractional Laplace operator\\/} as \\(\\Delta^{s/2}\\) over the class of the Schwartz functions \\(\\mathcal{S}\\) on \\(\\mathbb R\\): for a given \\(s>0\\) and a function \\(f\\in\\mathcal{S}\\), this operator is defined as \\(\\Delta^{s/2}f := \\mathcal{F}^{-1} \\big(\\,|\\cdot|^s\\,\\mathcal{F} f\\,\\big)\\), where \\(\\mathcal{F}\\) is the unidimensional Fourier transform. The authors also introduce the norm \\(\\|f\\|_{s,p}:= \\left\\| \\Delta^{s/2}f \\right\\|_{L^p}\\) on \\(\\mathcal{S}\\) and define the \\textit{homogeneous\\/} Sobolev space \\(\\dot{W}{}^{s,p}\\) as the closure of \\(\\mathcal{S}\\) with respect to the norm \\(\\|\\cdot\\|_{s,p}\\)\\,, namely, \\(\\dot{W}{}^{s,p}:= \\overline{\\mathcal{S}}^{\\|\\cdot\\|_{s,p}}\\), \\(s>0\\) and \\(1<p<\\infty\\).  The authors proved in [Zbl 1473.46043] that \\(f\\in\\dot{W}{}^{s,p}\\subseteq\\mathcal{S}'/\\mathcal{P}_m\\) where \\(\\mathcal{S}'\\) is the space of tempered distributions and \\(\\mathcal{P}_m\\) is the set of polynomials of degree at most \\(m=\\left\\lfloor{s-1/p}\\right\\rfloor\\). To avoid working in the quotient space \\(\\mathcal{S}'/\\mathcal{P}_m\\) the authors introduce the notion of a \\textit{realization space\\/}, namely: a subspace \\(E\\subset\\mathcal{S}'\\) is a realization space of a Banach subspace \\(\\dot{X}\\) of \\(\\mathcal{S}'/\\mathcal{P}_m\\) iff the natural inclusion is continuous and there exists a bijective linear map \\(R:\\dot{X}\\to E\\) such that for every equivalence class \\([u]\\in\\dot{X}\\) the equality \\(\\big[R[u]\\big]=[u]\\) holds. The space \\(E\\) is endowed with the norm \\(\\left\\|R[u]\\right\\|_E:=\\left\\|[u]\\right\\|_{\\dot{X}}\\)\\,. In [Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (4) 199, No. 6, 2243--2261 (2020; Zbl 1473.46043)] the authors determine the realization space \\(E^{s,p}\\) of \\(\\dot{W}{}^{s,p}\\subseteq\\mathcal{S}'/\\mathcal{P}_m\\) for \\(p\\in(1,+\\infty)\\) and \\(m=\\left\\lfloor{s-1/p}\\right\\rfloor\\) in the two cases \\(0<s<1/p\\) and \\(s-1/p\\not\\in\\mathbb N_0\\). \\(\\|\\Delta^{s/2}f\\|_{L^p}\\) turns out to be a norm on \\(E^{s,p}\\) which is denoted by \\(\\|\\cdot\\|_{E^{s,p}}\\)\\,.   Then, the \\textit{fractional Bernstein space\\/} \\(\\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\\), for \\(a,s>0\\), \\(1<p<\\infty\\) and \\(s-1/p\\not\\in\\mathbb N_0\\), is defined as the set of all entire functions \\(f\\) of exponential type \\(a>0\\) such that \\(f_0\\in E^{s,p}\\). This space is equipped with the norm \\(\\|f\\|_{\\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}}:=\\|f_0\\|_{E^{s,p}}\\).  The authors define the \\textit{fractional Paley-Wiener space\\/} \\(\\mathrm{PW}_a^s\\) as the fractional Bernstein spaces \\(\\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\\) for the particular case \\(p=2\\), i.e., \\(\\mathrm{PW}_a^s:=\\mathcal{B}_a^{s,2}\\).  The paper is restricted to the parameter values given in the preceding definition. However the authors point out that the case \\(s-1/p\\in\\mathbb N_0\\) remains open and should be of considerable interest. The paper contains five main results (Theorems 1 to 5); the following two are representative for them.  (a)  A Paley-Wiener type theorem.  Theorem 1. If \\(0<s<1/2\\) and \\(f\\in \\mathrm{PW}_a^s\\) and \\(f_0:=f|_{\\mathbb R}\\), then  \\(\\mathrm{supp}{\\widehat{f_0}}\\subseteq [-a,a]\\), \\(\\widehat{f_0}\\in L_a^2(|\\xi|^{2s})\\) (i.e., \\(\\int_{-a}^a |\\widehat{f_0}(\\xi)|^2 |\\xi|^{2s} d\\xi<\\infty\\)), \\(f=\\mathcal{F}^{-1}\\widehat{f_0}\\), and \\(\\|f\\|_{\\mathrm{PW}_a^s}=\\|\\widehat{f_0}\\|_{L_a^2(|\\xi|^{2s})}\\)\\,. Conversely, if \\(g\\in L_a^2(|\\xi|^{2s})\\) and \\(f=\\mathcal{F}^{-1}=g\\), then \\(f\\in \\mathrm{PW}_a^s\\), \\(\\widehat{f_0}\\,g\\) and \\(\\|f\\|_{\\mathrm{PW}_a^s}=\\|g\\|_{L_a^2(|\\xi|^{2s})}\\).  Theorem 1 says, in particular, that for \\(0<s<1/2\\) the Fourier transform \\(\\mathcal{F}:\\mathrm{PW}_a^ss\\to L_a^2(|\\xi|^{2s})\\) is a surjective isomorphism, as in the case \\(s=0\\)\\,. Theorem 1 is then extended to the space \\(\\mathcal{D}_c'\\) of distributions with compact support, which is the dual of \\(C^\\infty\\) (Theorem 2).  (b)  A result on fractional Bernstein spaces \\(\\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\\).  Theorem 3. Let \\(s>0\\) and \\(1<p<\\infty\\) be such that \\(s-1/p\\not\\in\\mathbb N\\). Then the spaces \\(\\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\\) are Banach spaces.  For \\(f\\in\\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\\) and \\(y\\in\\mathbb R\\), let \\(F(w)=f(w+iy)-P_{(\\cdot+iy);m;0}(w)\\), \\(w\\in\\mathbb C\\). Then \\(\\|f(\\cdot+iy)\\|_{\\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}}\\) and \\(\\|F\\|_{\\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}}\\) are both bounded above by \\(e^{a|y|}\\|f\\|_{\\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}}\\) (Plancherel-P\u00f3lya estimates).     In Section 3, Theorems 1 and 2 are proved. It is also shown here that the spaces \\(\\mathrm{PW}_a^s\\) are \\textit{reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces\\/} in the two cases \\(0<s<1/2\\) and \\(s>1/2\\) with \\(s-1/2\\not\\in\\mathbb N\\), and the reproducing kernels for these two cases are computed (Corollaries 3.2 and 3.6). Section 3 concludes with a proof of the fact that the fractional Laplacian \\(\\Delta^{s/2}\\) induces a surjective isometry of the \\textit{fractional\\/} Paley-Wiener space \\(\\mathrm{PW}_a^s\\) onto the \\textit{classical\\/} one \\(\\mathrm{PW}_s\\) (Theorem 3.8).  In Section 4, it is shown that the fractional Bernstein spaces \\(\\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\\) are isometric to the classical Bernstein space \\(\\mathcal{B}_a^p\\). More precisely, for \\(s-1/p\\not\\in\\mathbb N_0\\) the operator \\(\\Delta^{s/2}\\) is a surjective isometry of \\(\\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\\) onto \\(\\mathcal{B}_a^p\\) (Theorem 4.2). An interesting consequence is Corollary 4.3: For \\(s>0\\), \\(1<p<\\infty\\) and \\(s-1/p\\not\\in\\mathbb N_0\\), norm convergence in \\(\\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\\) implies uniform convergence on compact subsets of \\(\\mathbb C\\).   Section 5 is devoted to reconstruction and sampling in the fractional Paley-Wiener spaces \\(\\mathrm{PW}^s\\), a theme which can be considered as an extension of some classical results in signal processing. Orthonormal bases for \\(\\mathrm{PW}_a^s\\), both for \\(0<s<1/2\\) and for \\(s>1/2\\), \\(s-1/2\\not\\in\\mathbb N_0\\), are given, together with the orthogonal expansions of the functions \\(f\\in \\mathrm{PW}_a^s\\).   \\[f(z)=\\sum_{n\\in\\mathbb Z} \\Delta^{s/2}f(n\\pi/a)\\,\\psi(z-n\\pi/a)\\,,\\] where  \\[\\psi(z-n\\pi/a)=\\frac12\\,(a\\pi)^{-1/2}\\int_a^a e^{i\\xi n\\pi/a}\\,e^{i\\xi z}\\,|\\xi|^{-s}\\,d\\xi\\]   and the series converges in norm and uniformly on the compact subsets of \\(\\mathbb C\\).    In Section 6 the authors observe that \\(\\mathrm{PW}_a^s\\) is a closed subspace of the Hilbert space \\(E^{s,a}\\) and hence the projection operators \\(\\mathbf{P}_s:E^{s,2}\\to \\mathrm{PW}_a^s\\) are available. Assuming \\(s>0\\), \\(1<p<\\infty\\), \\(s-1/2\\not\\in\\mathbb N_0\\), \\(s-1/p\\not\\in\\mathbb N_0\\) and \\(\\left\\lfloor{s-1/2}\\right\\rfloor=\\left\\lfloor{s-1/p}\\right\\rfloor\\), the authors prove that the operator \\(\\mathbf{P}_s\\), densely defined on \\(E^{s,p}\\cap E^{s,2}\\), extends to a bounded operator \\(\\mathbf{P}_s:E^{s,p}\\to \\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\\) (Theorem 5).  Section 7 is devoted to prove a density Lemma 4.1 which is important for the proof of Theorem 4.2.  The paper concludes in Section 8 with several interesting open questions. The most obvious refers to the cases \\(s-1/p\\in\\mathbb N_0\\), which correspond to the critical cases in Sobolev's embedding theorem. Another one concerns the boundedness of the orthogonal projection \\(\\mathbf{P}_s:E^{s,p}\\to\\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\\) in the cases \\(s-1/p\\in\\mathbb N_0\\). The authors observe that the Payley-Wiener spaces are a special instance of \\textit{de Branges spaces\\/}, introduced by de Branges in connection with the analysis of \\textit{canonical systems\\/}  [\\textit{L. de Branges}, Hilbert spaces of entire functions. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall (1968; Zbl 0157.43301); \\textit{R. Romanov}, ``Canonical systems and de Branges spaces'', Preprint, \\url{arXiv:1408.6022}], and mention that it would be interesting to determine whether the fractional Paley-Wiener spaces \\(\\mathrm{PW}_a^s\\) also arise as the solution of a \\textit{canonical system\\/} defined in terms of fractional 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