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Specifically, the main result states that  \\[  |AA||A+A|^2 \\geq \\frac{ |A|^4}{4 \\lceil \\log |A| \\rceil},  \\]  which is sharp up to the power of the \\(\\log\\) term, as can be seen by taking \\(A = \\{1,2,\\ldots,n\\}\\).  An immediate consequence is that  \\[  \\max(|AA|,|A+A|) \\geq \\frac{ |A|^4/3}{2 \\lceil \\log |A| \\rceil^{1/3}},  \\]  the strongest result known in the direction of the sum-product conjecture of \\textit{P. Erd\u0151s} and \\textit{E. Szemer\u00e9di} [Studies in Pure Mathematics, Mem. of P. Tur\u00e1n, 213--218 (1983; Zbl 0526.10011)], which asks, for any \\(\\varepsilon > 0\\), for a bound of the form  \\[  \\max(|AA|,|A+A|) \\geq c_\\epsilon |A|^{2-\\varepsilon} \\]  with \\(c_\\varepsilon > 0\\). The idea behind this much-studied conjecture is that it should be impossible for a finite set of reals to be multiplicatively and additively structured simultaneously, as the failure of such a bound would suggest.  The proof is of a geometric flavour and is entirely elementary. The key step is to establish an upper bound for the so-called multiplicative energy of \\(A\\), defined as the number of quadruples \\((a,b,c,d) \\in A^4\\) with \\(a/b=c/d\\), in terms of \\(|A+A|\\). This is done by producing lots of distinct sums in \\((A+A) \\times (A+A) = (A \\times A) + (A \\times A)\\), the idea behind which is to consider sums of pairs \\((a,b)\\), \\((c,d)\\) with certain carefully chosen ratios \\(a/b\\), \\(c/d\\) --- that is, pairs lying on certain lines through the origin.  The paper finishes with a lower bound for the size of the iterated sumset \\(kA = \\{a_1+\\cdots+a_k : a_i \\in A \\}\\) when \\(AA\\) is small: if \\(|AA| \\leq |A|^{1+\\epsilon}\\) then  \\[  |kA| \\geq |A|^{2-1/k - \\delta},  \\]  where \\(\\delta = \\delta_k(\\epsilon) \\to 0\\) as \\(\\epsilon \\to 0\\). The author notes that for sets of integers a much stronger result due to \\textit{M.-C. Chang} [Ann. Math. 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