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Let \\(\\Phi_-(X)\\) and \\(\\Phi_+(X)\\) be the sets of lower and upper semi-Fredholm operators in \\({\\mathcal C}(X)\\) and \\(\\Phi(X)=\\Phi_-(X)\\cap\\Phi_+(X)\\) be the set of all Fredholm operators on \\(X\\). The authors study the following essential spectra of \\(T\\in{\\mathcal C}(X)\\): the Gustafson--Weidmann essential spectra \\(\\sigma_{e1}:= \\{\\lambda\\in {\\mathbb C}:\\lambda-T\\notin\\Phi_+(X)\\}\\), \\(\\sigma_{e2}:=\\{\\lambda\\in {\\mathbb C}:\\lambda-T\\notin\\Phi_-(X)\\}\\); the Kato essential spectrum \\(\\sigma_{e3}:=\\{\\lambda\\in {\\mathbb C}:\\lambda-T\\notin\\Phi_-(X) \\cup\\Phi_+(X)\\}\\); the Wolf essential spectrum \\(\\sigma_{e4}:=\\{\\lambda\\in {\\mathbb C}:\\lambda-T\\notin\\Phi(X)\\}\\); the Schechter essential spectrum \\(\\sigma_{e5}(T):= {\\mathbb C}\\setminus\\rho_5(T)\\), where \\(\\rho_5(T):=\\{\\lambda\\in{\\mathbb C}: \\lambda-T\\in\\Phi(X),\\;\\text{ind}(\\lambda-T)=0\\}\\); and the Browder essential spectrum \\(\\sigma_{e6}(T):= {\\mathbb C}\\setminus\\rho_6(T)\\), where \\(\\rho_6(T)\\) denotes the set of those \\(\\lambda\\in\\rho_5(T)\\) such that all scalars near \\(\\lambda\\) belong to the resolvent \\(\\rho(T)\\). An operator \\(F\\in{\\mathcal L}(X)\\) is called a Fredholm perturbation (resp., an upper semi-Fredholm perturbation, a lower semi-Fredholm perturbation) if \\(U+F\\in\\Phi(X)\\) (resp., \\(U+F\\in\\Phi_+(X)\\), \\(U+F\\in\\Phi_-(X)\\)) whenever \\(U\\in\\Phi(X)\\) (resp., \\(U\\in\\Phi_+(X)\\), \\(U\\in\\Phi_-(X)\\)). The set of all Fredholm (lower semi-Fredholm, upper semi-Fredholm) perturbations is denoted by \\({\\mathcal F}(X)\\) (resp., \\({\\mathcal F}_-(X)\\), \\({\\mathcal F}_+(X)\\)).  Suppose that \\(L_0= \\left(\\begin{matrix} A & B \\\\ C & D \\end{matrix}\\right)\\) is defined on \\(X\\times X\\), where \\(A\\) is closed densely defined linear operator on \\(X\\) with nonempty resolvent set \\(\\rho(A)\\); \\(B\\) is densely defined linear operator on \\(X\\) and, for some \\(\\mu\\in\\rho(A)\\), the operator \\((A-\\mu)^{-1}B\\) is closable; \\({\\mathcal D}(A)\\subset{\\mathcal D}(C)\\) and, for some \\(\\mu\\in\\rho(A)\\), the operator \\(C(A-\\mu)^{-1}\\) is bounded; \\({\\mathcal D}(B)\\cap{\\mathcal D}(D)\\) is dense in \\(X\\) and, for some \\(\\mu\\in\\rho(A)\\), the operator \\(D-C(A-\\mu)^{-1}B\\) is closable; in that case, its closure is denoted by \\(S(\\mu)\\). \\textit{F.~V.\\ Atkinson, H.~Langer, R.~Mennicken} and \\textit{A.~A.\\ Shkalikov} [Math.\\ Nachr.\\ 167, 5--20 (1994; Zbl 0831.47001)] proved that under these assumptions \\(L_0\\) is closable and gave an explicit formula for its closure \\(L\\). Set   \\[  M(\\mu):=\\left(\\begin{matrix} 0 & \\overline{(\\mu-A)^{-1}B}\\\\ C(\\mu-A)^{-1} & C(\\mu-A)^{-1} \\overline{(\\mu-A)^{-1}B} \\end{matrix}\\right). \\]   The main result of the paper under review is the following.  Theorem. If \\({\\mathcal I}(X)\\) is a nontrivial ideal of \\({\\mathcal L}(X)\\), which is contained in \\({\\mathcal F}(X)\\), and \\(C(A-\\mu)^{-1}\\in{\\mathcal I}(X)\\) for some \\(\\mu\\in\\rho(A)\\), then the following statements hold.   (i) If \\(M(\\mu)\\in{\\mathcal F}(X\\times X)\\) for some \\(\\mu\\in\\rho(A)\\), then \\(\\sigma_{e4}(L)=\\sigma_{e4}(A) \\cup\\sigma_{e4}(S(\\mu))\\) and \\(\\sigma_{e5}(L)\\subset\\sigma_{e5}(A) \\cup\\sigma_{e5}(S(\\mu))\\). Moreover, if \\({\\mathbb C}\\setminus\\sigma_{e4}(A)\\) is connected, then \\(\\sigma_{e5}(L)=\\sigma_{e5}(A) \\cup\\sigma_{e5}(S(\\mu))\\). If, in addition, \\({\\mathbb C}\\setminus\\sigma_{e5}(L)\\) is connected, \\(\\rho(L)\\neq\\emptyset\\), \\({\\mathbb C} \\setminus\\sigma_{e5}(S(\\mu))\\) is connected, and \\(\\rho(S(\\mu))\\neq\\emptyset\\), then \\(\\sigma_{e6}(L)=\\sigma_{e6}(A) \\cup\\sigma_{e6}(S(\\mu))\\).  (ii) If \\({\\mathcal I}(X)\\subset{\\mathcal F}_+(X)\\) and \\(M(\\mu)\\in{\\mathcal F}_+(X\\times X)\\) for some \\(\\mu\\in\\rho(A)\\), then \\(\\sigma_{e1}(L)=\\sigma_{e1}(A) \\cup\\sigma_{e1}(S(\\mu))\\).  (iii) If \\({\\mathcal I}(X)\\subset{\\mathcal F}_-(X)\\) and \\(M(\\mu)\\in{\\mathcal F}_-(X\\times X)\\) for some \\(\\mu\\in\\rho(A)\\), then \\(\\sigma_{e2}(L)=\\sigma_{e2}(A) \\cup\\sigma_{e2}(S(\\mu))\\).  (iv) If \\({\\mathcal I}(X)\\subset{\\mathcal F}_+(X)\\cap{\\mathcal F}_-(X)\\) and \\(M(\\mu)\\in{\\mathcal F}_+(X\\times X)\\cap{\\mathcal F}_-(X\\times X)\\) for some \\(\\mu\\in\\rho(A)\\), then   \\[  \\sigma_{e3}(L)=\\sigma_{e3}(A) \\cup\\sigma_{e3}(S(\\mu))\\cup \\big[\\sigma_{e2}(A) \\cap\\sigma_{e1}(S(\\mu))\\big] \\cup \\big[\\sigma_{e1}(A) \\cap\\sigma_{e2}(S(\\mu))\\big].  \\]   This result is applied in the study of the essential spectra of two-group transport operators with general boundary conditions in \\(L_p([-a,a]\\times[-1,1])\\times L_p([-a,a]\\times[-1,1])\\), where 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