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Auslander} and \\textit{M. Bridger} [``Stable module theory'', Mem. Am. Math. Soc. 94 (1969; Zbl 0204.36402)] introduced a notion of approximation which they used to prove that every module, whose \\(n\\)-th syzygy is \\(n\\)-torsionfree, can be described as the quotient of an \\(n\\)-spherical module by a submodule of projective dimension less than \\(n\\). \\textit{M. Auslander} and \\textit{R.-O. Buchweitz} [M\u00e9m. Soc. Math. France (N.S.) No. 38, 5--37 (1989; Zbl 0697.13005)] introduced the notion of Cohen-Macaulay approximation which they used to show that the category of finitely generated modules over a Cohen-Macaulay local ring with the canonical module is obtained by gluing together the subcategory of maximal Cohen-Macaulay modules and the subcategory of modules of finite injective dimension.   In this paper, the author introduces a new approximation theory which unifies the above two approximations. The main results of the author are the following.   Theorem A: Let \\(M\\), \\(C\\) be finitely generated \\(R\\)-modules and \\(n\\) a positive integer. If \\(C\\) is \\(n\\)-semidualizing, then the following conditions are equivalent.   i) \\(\\Omega^n M\\) is \\(n\\)-\\(C\\)-torsionfree.   ii) There exists an exact sequence \\(0\\to Y\\to X\\to M\\to 0\\) of \\(R\\)-modules such that \\(X\\) is \\(n\\)-\\(C\\)-spherical (i.e., \\(\\text{Ext}_R'(X, C)= 0\\) for \\(1\\leq i\\leq n\\)) and \\(C\\dim_R Y< n\\).   Theorem B: If \\(C\\) is a finitely generated \\(R\\)-module such that \\(R\\) is \\(n\\)-\\(C\\)-torsionfree, then the following conditions are equivalent.   i) \\(\\Omega^n M\\) is \\(n\\)-\\(C\\)-torsionfree for any \\(R\\)-module \\(M\\).   ii) \\(\\text{id}_{R_{\\wp}} C_{\\wp}<\\infty\\) for any \\(\\wp\\in \\text{Spec\\,}R\\) with depth \\(R_{\\wp}\\leq n- 2\\).   Combining the above theorems, the author deduces that if \\(C\\) is an \\(n\\)-semidualizing \\(R\\)-module such that \\(\\text{id}_{R_{\\wp}}C_{\\wp}< \\infty\\) for any \\(\\wp\\in\\text{Spec }R\\) with depth \\(R_{\\wp}\\leq n- 2\\), then the \\(n\\)-\\(C\\)-spherical \\(R\\)-modules form a contravariantly finite subcategory of \\(\\text{mod\\,} 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