{"entities":{"Q862880":{"pageid":864728,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q862880","lastrevid":42733788,"modified":"2025-07-09T16:28:24Z","type":"item","id":"Q862880","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Mass variables and chemical potentials in the Gibbs and De Donder formulations of chemical equilibrium"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5118410"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$D5FA96C4-2B4B-4E63-8B86-0D1D93B9E902","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"f4b223490d7cc0042c588e10354c8f67fff687d1","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Mass variables and chemical potentials in the Gibbs and De Donder formulations of chemical equilibrium","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$57DE9F6F-DAD5-4E89-AB10-4F7112DCB08F","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"40fd38a7eb772202b502399ae9b425eb2eecbf94","datavalue":{"value":"1120.80002","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$355219FE-DE59-43BD-AC37-2F40B8BECC00","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"7a36df503ae37c21a84fe61efd9e5abe206159f4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":862879,"id":"Q862879"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$4076894D-8585-467D-ABF5-5AAFB03BD0CD","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"b780548d1931bae4ac5b1caff374698a268a9351","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2007-01-24T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$FF393B8C-E622-419D-8CB6-BC0E4EA41255","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"ee3a777482e4a4cd6e9bed0352ef0da104dc0b87","datavalue":{"value":"The author considers chemical equilibria in closed systems. The energy variations are known to be equivalent when considering either De Donder's or Gibbs' formulations. The author first recalls these two formulations which link in a linear way the energy variations to that of masses. In the first case, the masses are the current masses of all the chemical substances which are involved and stoichiometric constraints must be imposed. In the second case, the masses of non-independent species are eliminated. The author recalls the Gibbs-Duhem relation between the remaining masses. The main goal of the paper is to prove the equivalence of these formulations introducing appropriate linear combinations of the masses and of the stoichiometric coefficients of the system. This leads to a modified Gibbs-Duhem relation. An example of such linear combinations is given in an appendix for an ion exchange reaction. The author also formulates a multi-phase chemical equilibrium problem in De Donder's formulation using Lagrange multipliers. He ends the paper claiming that De Donder's formulation allows to treat constraints such as electro-neutrality among ionic species in electrolyte solutions.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$625B4927-595C-4208-825E-6C7F6175FBCF","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"d3a2d1240164c8ddd5866f2ec6f6efc3a286b899","datavalue":{"value":"80A10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$8C722B5A-1EDC-46A4-BFF5-5512B95C6F2C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"7beaad98e146fecfb51cbb44d85610bc6d3d43ae","datavalue":{"value":"80A05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$4997487F-33A8-435A-A794-DE777ABBF0FA","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"9a20ff278ba3c748c2160b77b36503644567e07a","datavalue":{"value":"5118410","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$5DBAF351-3EB2-41FA-A071-F2CD1D8A9C37","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"7000e3e5877965bfda44fa7ad1353f7fa10b1f70","datavalue":{"value":"Chemical equilibrium","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$E2876572-6963-4E41-BC51-4C78C6662CFC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"59468dfc93a9726386a05aa8344b0cb81112e2db","datavalue":{"value":"chemical potential","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$1EDFADB2-F974-4EAC-B7DC-A36A10C49735","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"9f1c4cacdb5b5ca8644544e68fd33daf078bd11e","datavalue":{"value":"Gibbs' formulation","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$3398F6DC-6ED0-4C37-8360-1A28D4C33F62","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"0bfe80e35cc14e1e7b13e95caa4b052a25863335","datavalue":{"value":"De Donder's formulation","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$0B072059-AF07-4658-8C39-EB1EF29009E9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"074f907ca3d332f4a9fa827a67a122c8f2f4af46","datavalue":{"value":"Gibbs-Duhem relation","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$7229F714-0C1A-4E02-817D-371CC43C020D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"ef491e44a612a832cc675ea9c23c66c7ebade86e","datavalue":{"value":"ion exchange","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$28312664-5FFA-4C05-AB23-A166D543A9FB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f72e3297691f52bc20d440affe30040450e9aba5","datavalue":{"value":"Lagrange multipliers","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$9452D3B9-0F8E-407C-A998-1A9EE58CB506","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"ee19f59fe9c6e76362df4d3a667daf03171654d5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":536424,"id":"Q536424"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$360366EB-90AC-4550-8E56-3B80F0864CDC","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$EA329E6C-BEE3-4986-88F3-918FD1CE6602","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"b424c6be20c9fb0950c671449bc64a110a3e09a1","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10910-005-9016-2","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$19990A87-32B4-42C4-B974-14DC281999B4","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"a8e1b33b147ccf55b0453d67c9b9d398e39d27cb","datavalue":{"value":"W2014007882","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$8A11259A-758A-4C6C-949B-BD265CF734C4","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"7aef80a658428b7d4269af0019f95cd004423f49","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3278168,"id":"Q3278168"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$5BE36E25-6E4B-4678-922B-C57FC1ECD8C1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"830279e0dd55a4f82cc8a5a1689595bbf4adface","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5442152,"id":"Q5442152"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$69A8FBA8-D774-42DD-83BC-6C25B1921896","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"619790a2992fb54cd0c7bc5d473d6a88cc236dcd","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3953228,"id":"Q3953228"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$50822CC0-0A53-4433-B4D7-42E349B52BDF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"44cd77982ca0c7e621b91b91bc398007d14f7b75","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3160989,"id":"Q3160989"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$5D8BC7A1-73FA-4F6D-BE62-F7B6EC258888","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e6bfa05a49ec9e9849ead4e3a65b361d9bac98c0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5760293,"id":"Q5760293"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$E5E4410E-9738-4C8E-8296-10E065FAE44F","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"66cd87b12e1b6fbbbd87e71ade395e2c68e8681e","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/S10910-005-9016-2","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$8023E6DB-5DC7-4536-88BF-4CA585C46699","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"0b0cba1585501d2ed7fe2d2c1652769bf1585f41","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":115285,"id":"Q115285"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q862880$BB3D54D8-84EF-45B3-BAE2-2FABFB11050F","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"23d9f81afaa836cc260566f2fb92b117d1d81f94","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5269671,"id":"Q5269671"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"5a1c7fe9b68ddd3f088d1e6d62c95aa9ca9e02bd","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.85116357","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q862880$7A6ADB19-E88A-4B65-B46E-5E17C8A2A955","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ef445a78d2132882da7ef58cbab006317447b9e5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1058709,"id":"Q1058709"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"385d8942b5e6d3ae1533f555af6e598fb86c9005","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.82791","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q862880$4605617E-51BC-45E4-B9ED-950B7AA59243","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"4830e4c30243555ea28e01ec8f6e95af66a5ef04","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1936779,"id":"Q1936779"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"3cf12d14b2c869829c79ced845027600ac1945fe","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8274549","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q862880$C5423A40-2796-4DD1-9FA6-392B1EC4875D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1b924b7bcd597f19e629f264601fa00def01d176","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1936778,"id":"Q1936778"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"82af2e26b5abedd4e29cd5ca49f2236ec8764c61","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.82599527","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q862880$FBDAE9EF-34BA-4230-B769-129CF932E12C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ecca4cab045cff7434c059234ec7a82439f784b5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":689992,"id":"Q689992"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"315280cd53a09912b83ef74504be3d674de57ea5","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8225189","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q862880$1D66995E-4181-473D-8041-303E3BBF7733","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b60ad4cc6ce8323083627fd6ac647d7659fa50f6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4415980,"id":"Q4415980"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9ac1e89db2dc14b2b6ff34f198d8dad5c25a17d3","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.81271154","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q862880$E49DF057-0C64-4170-BD56-7101855D06C1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d8822669540cc0a30861546e71cc50b105a4aa7b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5959203,"id":"Q5959203"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"21deeaeda81a62ea13b403a1ff4a8493d20f4a4c","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.80329806","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q862880$16604CFD-6D15-4D15-B68E-F00151D03D33","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"7f55bb01c2c62077c82e8e7be1393d0c4a01fe1d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":391182,"id":"Q391182"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"91aff66e9dd5c07555a0ff3df5e26ee146952930","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8006667","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q862880$B7D98861-DC89-4936-BD91-F43A35ED47D1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a417d7eb2288528d922e53304c9b1bbc54d6869e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4232123,"id":"Q4232123"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"61373af6aeda40d0b6809a09de8a339f18a76129","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8005488","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ac3c626774dcd0d16f89557f66586245841a01db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6767936,"id":"Q6767936"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q862880$AD002595-CB23-4449-814D-F71E1A84F67A","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:862880","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:862880"}}}}}