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Many papers have been recently devoted to biharmonic curves on surfaces and three--dimensional Riemannian manifolds. In this paper the authors prove a variational principle, showing that biharmonic curves are the critical points of a \\textit{bienergy functional}  \\[  E_2(\\gamma) = \\int_a^b L_2(\\gamma,\\gamma^{\\prime},\\gamma^{\\prime\\prime})\\,dt  \\]  where \\(L_2\\) is a \\textit{bilagrangian function} that depends on \\(\\gamma\\), \\(\\gamma^{\\prime}\\), \\(\\gamma^{\\prime\\prime}\\). So, the biharmonic equation represents the Euler--Lagrange equation for the functional \\(E_2\\). As application of this variational principle, the authors show that biharmonic curves parametrized by arc--length in the three--dimensional Lie group Sol are geodesics. Moreover parameterizations of biharmonic curves in the Cartan-Vranceanu three--dimensional spaces are exhibited, in particular in the three-dimensional Heisenberg group \\(H_3\\) endowed with a left invariant 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