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W. Beth}, with a reply by Carnap in [P. A. Schlipp (ed.), The philosophy of Rudolf Carnap. Open Court, La Salle (1963)]. Beth distinguishes between \\textit{strict usage} of the natural language which requires an intended domain of interpretation and {amplified usage} involving interpretations in any model of the language. If the amplified usage is applied to the syntax and semantics of formal languages, which, according to Bellotti is a necessity of modern mathematics, then one must deal with the problem of nonstandard finiteness brought in by nonstandard models of arithmetic and set theory.  Bellotti outlines the Beth-Carnap dispute in detail, and then moves on to discuss views of Skolem and Zermelo on the role of nonstandard models in foundations of mathematics; the status of the standard model of arithmetic (it contains definable nonstandard models, while no nonstandard model carries a definable copy of the standard one); the role of set theory and Tarskian semantics.  From the conclusions: ``Since the usual semantics for arithmetic, being set-theoretic, cannot yield the unique model needed for the determinateness of syntax, one cannot isolate any syntactic metatheory with a special status sufficient to preserve it from the instability coming from non-standard interpretability. 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