{"entities":{"Q910860":{"pageid":912708,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q910860","lastrevid":65393496,"modified":"2026-04-12T02:17:36Z","type":"item","id":"Q910860","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Generalizations of Bieberbach's first theorem on crystallographic groups"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 4142320"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$A7465E91-93D9-4A6E-8EA8-935204AB22E4","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"8418f7e00492cbe1988c3df701be5a70d9678fe2","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Generalizations of Bieberbach's first theorem on crystallographic groups","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$D7280317-C811-4CCF-872C-C2DCFA4F54F5","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"542159a637f0c98e53a9546181c1f9fc427af832","datavalue":{"value":"0697.20037","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$B620393D-CA7E-4F3B-9F67-46E5E7403E4A","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"8fd4ea19d9bf61ed7b42456c936c130e28b5a9b8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":584790,"id":"Q584790"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$6BE91814-E2EA-4B0A-A4F0-6A2A9126D377","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"04186ba90c92b0a4f499b4420d0e1ee7da067901","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":321572,"id":"Q321572"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$8E69916C-6D4E-44B5-94FA-8348EEF525A7","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"190f08128b991df2a0ad2bbf0d84e95f751f56d1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":246266,"id":"Q246266"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$0FEA890A-ACD4-4FB4-9282-93088329C86E","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"7211ad5ca16eb0d22cd0051fff3d0f3af254ceb6","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1989-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$7E4A2D0A-BF23-4810-9C38-125533BC7CA2","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"785606a9817ea5dd998abfe4ade8d41a60a089b0","datavalue":{"value":"Un groupe est dit avoir virtuellement la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 (P) s'il contient un sous-groupe d'indice fini v\u00e9rifiant (P). Le ``premier th\u00e9or\u00e8me de Bieberbach'' peut s'interpr\u00e9ter comme une classification virtuelle des sous-groupes discrets du groupe d'isom\u00e9tries \\(E(n)\\) de l'espace euclidien \\(E^ n\\). D'un point de vue g\u00e9om\u00e9trique, il exprime que toute vari\u00e9t\u00e9 riemannienne plate compact est \u00e0 rev\u00eatement fini pr\u00e8s un tore plat, i.e., le quotient de \\(E^ n\\) par un groupe \\(\\mathbb Z^ n\\) de translations: Un sous-groupe discret \\(\\Gamma\\) de \\(E(n)\\) est virtuellement ab\u00e9lien; si, de plus, \\(\\Gamma\\) est cristallographique, i.e., \\(E^ n/\\Gamma\\) est compact, alors \\(\\Gamma\\) est virtuellement form\u00e9 de translations.    Une premi\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation consiste \u00e0 remplacer \\(E(n)=O(n)\\ltimes {\\mathbb R}^ n\\) par le groupe \\(\\text{Aff}({\\mathbb R}^ n)=\\text{GL}({\\mathbb R}^ n)\\ltimes {\\mathbb R}^ n\\) de toutes les transformations affines. Soit \\(L: \\text{Aff}({\\mathbb R}^ n)\\to \\text{GL}({\\mathbb R}^ n)\\) le morphisme qui \u00e0 la transformation affine \\(Ax+B\\) associe la partie lin\u00e9aire \\(A\\). Si \\(\\Gamma\\) est un sous-groupe discret de \\(\\text{Aff}({\\mathbb R}^ n)\\), alors \\(\\Gamma_{nd}=\\Gamma \\cap L^{-1}(L(\\Gamma)\\cap \\overline{L(\\Gamma)}_ 0)\\) est nilpotent; si, de plus, \\(\\Gamma\\) est cristallographique, i.e., \\({\\mathbb R}^ n/\\Gamma\\) est une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 compacte, alors \\(\\Gamma_{nd}\\) est unipotent.    Les AA. r\u00e9alisent ensuite une autre approche du premier th\u00e9or\u00e8me de Bieberbach, mettant en jeu les concepts de moyennabilit\u00e9 et de croissance polynomiale. Ils d\u00e9montrent que tout sous-groupe discret d'un groupe de Lie \u00e0 croissance polynomiale est virtuellement nilpotent de type fini.    Enfin, \\(O(n)\\) est remplac\u00e9 par le groupe \\(O(n-1,1)\\) des matrices conservant la forme de Lorentz \\(q(x)=x^ 2_ 1+...+x^ 2_{n-1}-x^ 2_ n\\); soit \\(E(n-1,1)=O(n-1,1)\\ltimes {\\mathbb R}^ n\\). L'article comprend une d\u00e9monstration du th\u00e9or\u00e8me de \\textit{W. Goldman} et \\textit{Y. Kamishima} [J. Differ. Geom. 19, 233--240 (1984; Zbl 0546.53039)]: Une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 lorentzienne plate compacte est \u00e0 un rev\u00eatement fini pr\u00e8s le quotient d'un groupe de Lie r\u00e9soluble par un r\u00e9seau.    La r\u00e9action fait voir d'une mani\u00e8re particuli\u00e8rement claire les points cruciaux intervenant dans les d\u00e9monstrations.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$DF92C2A7-C754-41D6-A57E-B63F981CECF0","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"1d03248d03059e970bb6bce2ee9e31dfa76e4fd6","datavalue":{"value":"20H15","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$8F031439-DAA2-4BFA-B88B-BC2BB8BB0122","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"daf9322b99841248717c64b3a7fe9b8a012600ee","datavalue":{"value":"22E25","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$CEB3B7F3-9837-4408-9D2B-A0A3B277D294","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"13b0e146dde12f36ce99a5545918288e19496d3e","datavalue":{"value":"43A07","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$A3D24342-A5C9-4587-B605-D60F3534E0FB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"2b94b407701508e5bb46691743c4f6b27a112b94","datavalue":{"value":"22E40","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$3021CB69-3D97-4F39-8DEC-5BFEE9B44AD0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"cba7ad267868666b1aee2992746bc16d7ac85340","datavalue":{"value":"53C50","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$C461B370-F8E3-49C8-94A2-16D0564139CA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"85168c971c8dd8144a2ec995a527c7169786cead","datavalue":{"value":"57S30","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$03ACD8E9-5D9A-4F7B-BD0C-2AFA07BD0B9D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"227d11fd91bfa25ffd901f27f50fa505992e0030","datavalue":{"value":"30F20","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$1D1AC0F6-2D18-49D6-A6C6-36044D6AA3FA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"6874cb3b9be8306f992870534a2144799a7e1dfa","datavalue":{"value":"30F10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$8A98FF46-3D3D-4092-BE8B-FED99230258F","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"d3d3bd679818557726dad625ab0a9e96f8e0b46c","datavalue":{"value":"4142320","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$5D952F26-4CF5-4C53-961A-0F895252BEB5","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b4532308e495bc13d35e50902aa398af20c82c82","datavalue":{"value":"amenability","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$D3ED9D83-CED0-4D4F-AD1C-A648567A004D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"0a4411053160ce1b2da4566d8fd68a05aeb532a2","datavalue":{"value":"polynomial growth","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$0B1CA71D-3FBD-4C81-BE18-4063E1D93C04","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"2330f76aaf4a9322ad94b6f0246ebeb72e90c153","datavalue":{"value":"compact Riemann surfaces","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$759A2C2E-65D7-45BA-866B-753343372C78","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"971de604c50c7375c782357a4e7ae6172fae8875","datavalue":{"value":"discrete subgroups","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$F2643A39-5414-4EB4-A90A-2D0EB93226EF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"c1b4dfbb9c1307131a3b8e712c7cc4d354479c20","datavalue":{"value":"virtual properties","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$E6631B2E-D083-4FFB-BC5D-7B8AD1CF6031","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f0659a5cfc5a20f10b512d32586e29d3a73622bc","datavalue":{"value":"Bieberbach's first theorem","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$99AB68D9-6111-44D2-8614-A3E3A924FA7A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"22dc13fbe9b77a64137ffb569d5c01a3d83cf063","datavalue":{"value":"crystallographic groups","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$CE93149D-6119-42CB-BFEE-E0EBDD1187A3","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q910860$0ED3B01D-2C97-41FE-8A70-30BE5CF69967","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d910a63009209f1c37b8c014587b26093686671f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":700513,"id":"Q700513"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"2fd2854a9976b62c6f42c15b6b5c49871112782f","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7938189506530762","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q910860$F94EEFBF-E109-46A4-A0A7-94C850D1C939","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"aaa45fb444359d3bedd8e536d4206f1cf1cb78a8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1345150,"id":"Q1345150"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"2fd2854a9976b62c6f42c15b6b5c49871112782f","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7938189506530762","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q910860$E28F8FE1-2EB7-4DB4-9C23-F82DD71040E3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a3e1c407f3894a611e6093bd0d840b0c0db6b423","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1068943,"id":"Q1068943"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"caee66eb10ac433c38df43d2ebf67bb021f5528c","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.778855562210083","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q910860$4DA5069E-A19C-4B00-BD7C-36F548F7EF92","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"21d1a3a0537f85a3bf96b06805e8e2f4224018b1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1574442,"id":"Q1574442"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"07086767d4758849bbcd33b1324bf7dc14e37bdb","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7730133533477783","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q910860$B1017F2B-8AB2-4F8D-956F-81D94CB2F35B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"750f58587a892e1ffe193ccfbacba1f6db957498","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2563839,"id":"Q2563839"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"c59a18f3487c0e6087910419280d9cdcc1af068a","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7697545289993286","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q910860$CA674DA5-2D85-4DBA-84AB-3D015BD080FF","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Generalizations of Bieberbach's first theorem on crystallographic groups","badges":[]}}}}}