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Given a finite group \\(H\\), let \\({\\mathbb{Q}}(H)\\) denote the field generated over the rational field \\({\\mathbb{Q}}\\) by the values of all the complex irreducible characters of \\(H\\). \\(H\\) is said to be a rational group if \\({\\mathbb{Q}}(H)={\\mathbb{Q}}\\). The authors show that, given a positive integer \\(m\\), there is a finite set \\(F_ m\\) of simple groups such that if \\(G\\) is a finite noncyclic simple groups that occurs as a composition factor of a group \\(H\\) satisfying [\\({\\mathbb{Q}}(H):{\\mathbb{Q}}]\\leq m\\), then \\(G\\) is isomorphic to an alternating group or to a group in \\(F_ m\\). There remains open the question of whether there are only finitely many cyclic groups of prime order that can occur as composition factors of a group \\(H\\) satisfying the condition above. The authors also determine explicitly which noncyclic finite simple groups can occur as composition factors of rational groups. These are: the alternating groups, \\(\\text{PSp}(4,3)\\), \\(\\text{Sp}(6,2)\\), \\(\\text{SO}^+(8,2)\\), \\(\\text{PSL}(3,4)\\), \\(\\text{PSU}(4,3)\\). All but the last two groups in this list occur as composition factors of Weyl groups and, moreover, it is shown in the paper that \\(\\text{Sp}(6,2)\\) and \\(\\text{SO}^+(8,2)\\) are the only noncyclic simple groups that are rational groups. That a certain extension of \\(\\text{PSL}(3,4)\\) by an automorphism of order 2 is a rational group can be seen in the Atlas of finite groups [\\textit{J. H. Conway} et al., Oxford (1985; Zbl 0568.20001)]. The extension of \\(\\text{PSU}(4,3)\\) by an elementary Abelian 2-group of order 4 is a more surprising rational group. We might call a rational group strongly rational if it has \\({\\mathbb{Q}}\\) as a splitting field. The Weyl groups are strongly rational, as is the extension of \\(\\text{PSL}(3,4)\\). It would be interesting to know whether the rational group derived from \\(\\text{PSU}(4,3)\\) is strongly rational. The reviewer proved that the only cyclic groups of prime order that occur as composition factors of strongly rational groups are those of order 2 and 3.    The authors also solve a well-known problem on finite groups that had been investigated by G. A. Miller in 1933. Specifically, if \\(G\\) is a finite group in which any two elements of the same order are conjugate, then \\(G\\) is isomorphic to one of the symmetric groups of degree 1, 2, or 3. A previous proof is due to \\textit{P. Fitzpatrick} [Proc. R. Ir. Acad., Sect. A 85, 53-58 (1985; Zbl 0558.20016)]. In addition, a question of G. Janusz is answered by showing that the rational group algebra \\({\\mathbb{Q}}[G]\\) of any nontrivial finite group \\(G\\) has an outer automorphism. We remark that many of the technicalities of the proof involve proving the existence of cyclic self-centralizing maximal tori in finite simple groups of Lie type. These subgroups generalize the well-known Singer cycles in classical 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