{"entities":{"Q917207":{"pageid":919055,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q917207","lastrevid":65332302,"modified":"2026-04-12T01:51:38Z","type":"item","id":"Q917207","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Optimal claim behaviour for third-party liability insurances or To claim or not to claim: that is the question"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 4155729"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$45FAB3C0-2EAD-4DAB-B14C-4398D70220D0","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"ea08ff2453a9269986a2612b8a55a6ea54854270","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Optimal claim behaviour for third-party liability insurances or To claim or not to claim: that is the question","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$3BC5BE4A-BE6D-42F8-A188-258716EF1B89","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"3bb5dbda9eb24c3c217848cb9207fe5b2b34ac54","datavalue":{"value":"0704.62097","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$ECB2501B-A718-4940-9DB6-42468D9B371A","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"4b3b20559288f9f786c71e1f009947180d890297","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/0167-6687(90)90016-7","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$16998219-D74D-4F4C-893D-035A47C8F2CE","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"a65f074cc773be4a90d9ce94d430b10826b643f4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":580976,"id":"Q580976"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$11A8037E-F35F-48EE-889B-840B0E67868E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"ca6cd38de2f13c25c1850b6241e96ed85408a288","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":917205,"id":"Q917205"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$BB911E9D-EC93-4164-9E9E-0B49A5EFAE14","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"290dfb3cb2b536545ee9a05fc90c20adb1bc08e9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":917206,"id":"Q917206"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$04A7F997-CE09-499E-B028-A42FC301C052","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"a9b51d2c7facd126de6d6a7476e149b314018092","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":872152,"id":"Q872152"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$14810785-2422-4958-B21E-FA6F4DB00BF3","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"6fb49545b3ffbd90b84cabc3a46f56807c43d68e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":190727,"id":"Q190727"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$4E856238-12DA-480B-A82D-896178B10E5C","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"70d2fbf8bcd48a5ca1ac752985098b379d0dbb65","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1990-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$5B1B2044-3E54-42F9-BA4C-5D5412508CCC","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"774607669bc360fba274a9ed64f2bfc3d599e50c","datavalue":{"value":"http://repub.eur.nl/pub/11663","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$B34645C6-FE58-4E91-B076-F6AAC605D1EF","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"27c9e843dee169705062dd19725c60d0b95bb9f0","datavalue":{"value":"The problem of optimal claiming in automobile insurance systems with bonus-malus structure has been discussed intensively. The present paper gives a comprehensive review of the literature. Then a Markov programming model with discrete time axis is developed by which a number of related questions can be treated simultaneously.    It is proved that - given some assumptions - the optimal decision rule to claim or not to claim, in such a way that the expected discounted costs are minimal, is of the form: `to claim for damage only if its amount exceeds a certain limit'. A system of recurrent equations, the solution of which gives the optimal critical claim size, is derived for both the case of a finite and that of an infinite horizon.    It will appear that the optimal critical claim size depends on the probability distributions of the number of claims and the claim size. Therefore, the authors also analyze the sensitivity of the optimal critical claim size with respect to changes in (the values of the parameters of) the applied probability distributions. The analysis is finished with an example based on a Dutch bonus-malus premium rating system.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$A6C7F33B-C847-48BE-9C5F-D3D86FB5186D","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"4a8fc00d3d69e1837f024970c798053ff342d011","datavalue":{"value":"62P05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$E5CED1F1-F49E-48E7-955A-0D9FBC141F41","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"377d3ab03372cff12915e0de0374438ff70c3716","datavalue":{"value":"90C40","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$95E4075F-2EAC-42C6-9ACD-AFCD8135622C","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"0f1707dc7bf0f7c24672daa345a51636e60836f3","datavalue":{"value":"4155729","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$4EDFBA16-7029-47AB-8C95-86ABD36A072C","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"6be675ef85577521b53f7d638a46c06660158ad6","datavalue":{"value":"finite horizon","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$17F5EBE3-1C89-47F8-AE70-03A00E6CF9DE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"6b795ec0039a0957f97c686136a5b790e3097b2b","datavalue":{"value":"optimal claiming","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$3B111496-D3C7-4FD3-AEFC-1BEA0B92D814","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"40328018a61c2759537d706cf576688158a7096a","datavalue":{"value":"automobile insurance","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$E34C296B-5314-480C-92EB-FD3E64BF8C06","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"21ef1bc9fff4b8b45a3e748e3b56cd3ad7ab26ff","datavalue":{"value":"bonus-malus structure","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$080503E5-31A4-488C-94C3-F764B40460D3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"582f7063e168cc5e422138cf65604c6da7cebd29","datavalue":{"value":"review","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$1F7C6A47-9C8D-4E31-9EF5-E7EAF12DA83C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"70725664094ee67f9e409e7babfe7d7d09378c5a","datavalue":{"value":"discrete time axis","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$7196613D-D74B-469D-9505-14CE91B8B53A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"2e64484360b40725cbd0ab678d4fc6d04dbeb9f0","datavalue":{"value":"expected discounted costs","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$0184A87F-72C5-4FDD-94C2-F0DE0003344C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"68bc3d4bb890f2dcf4149154c5bbb33307a3fdba","datavalue":{"value":"recurrent equations","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$2418E696-A801-4D16-B369-7D86C0608266","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"59c4ebfafa1cc8c5c4c00246eedc376764f711af","datavalue":{"value":"optimal critical claim size","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$BDFAFE14-4D80-4783-9B54-5B8EB77C8EEC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"1a09d29053982bebbf113287e6631e7a0c48ee56","datavalue":{"value":"infinite horizon","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$A770AA8B-D911-4987-8FC1-F45809F27B5F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"86bd116d64e8eaf77d775e2139511b757a0b1e32","datavalue":{"value":"number of claims","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$D7664AAD-B329-4485-A231-E1D0674F8931","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"56e2561bbf698bb33d2241f040dc30fbd4cbbc2b","datavalue":{"value":"sensitivity","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$1DB29160-C166-4489-8D63-CAAC5A77EF30","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"e495376a2b7d046347b1ae188b6e518e5488967a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1061438,"id":"Q1061438"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$A7CC3516-EDEC-4F5C-A230-C5FFE78FDD67","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$81DAD7B1-7B1C-4E73-85FF-598A0661C543","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"e452f8fdb454cc07e227e55f921a51bc2d02cbe6","datavalue":{"value":"W2096700303","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$764061B6-4A92-4A3A-98F9-FEF9216FF244","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"9962e281af6addbdc4eaf4622e461f46a5d520d2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":800282,"id":"Q800282"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$955DAC46-3C78-4C38-992A-B75ED02396B5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"3b7d17fc9336a9729414e93626d324a6b0d164bd","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3258283,"id":"Q3258283"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$61CED06D-94C4-4623-A19B-D844AEBB69F9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"07f9279a2394cca224c5df5a18b00e6b4398e664","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4067956,"id":"Q4067956"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$8702266B-F697-4130-9AD2-4D1E1CE9FD3D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"3ed9054e5b0ddd9bcaf5a8d6c5314fbdf09863ce","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3221982,"id":"Q3221982"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$71BA7222-670C-4D49-9F1A-A53B6DDA2BE2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"20f90b0239ed193260c977c696c479fada77c3c0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3221246,"id":"Q3221246"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$BD97BBD2-0845-456E-B09B-8835A3E14CDA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"c94433e1cef239e7c21e4402f8e0a9fc425f146d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4110511,"id":"Q4110511"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$9650B67B-6ED5-4DAF-BA3C-6844D1D7B8A7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"696d6bd6af5fe4bb6b4624f4b1aaa12bab75e270","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4085154,"id":"Q4085154"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$0F0EE6DF-BE6D-41D9-8CFD-4164A232CDE3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"105bfec494cbca32088aa341bafbf857087c1581","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5615108,"id":"Q5615108"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$0F059A88-735A-4BB9-AAE0-332AF065AED5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"481cc18be6fb59115f57e85e36f744a549c960d1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3683893,"id":"Q3683893"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$5C7D087F-1A94-4223-976D-B29190FA34D2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"8fdc3d12b254db92e02378ac01def2ee5ebb14c5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1085077,"id":"Q1085077"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$FD3E4F9E-A214-4AE3-B5F8-DA6D5D01580A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e0337e98f13963ed8c82813c180cbadb9bb58026","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3678995,"id":"Q3678995"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q917207$90C38311-20BB-4E28-8601-257A893F535A","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f2cc383f6c480583181c6cbff76a520b7eba7005","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1182775,"id":"Q1182775"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"62480ea7ac2351c4f6429feca4e958b4a0757224","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8937199711799622","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q917207$E0FFAB76-8645-414B-A898-60168CB658AF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"8eabade2a9bcfdc642f8c8f4a2d7297016b0baee","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3632879,"id":"Q3632879"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"16a7d194a81008f580d850cf728fd9ee60f935a7","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8932844996452332","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q917207$F8BDFB4F-346D-46DB-829D-BC17413FED43","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b35b158be0c135f51ad9adbd5c27242d3cd4c493","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3221246,"id":"Q3221246"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"c7bfca686d697f85ef667378f07fb9148c00b32f","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8833172917366028","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q917207$CA62B007-71AC-47C7-AFA9-72960E4306B2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"11950b2f9ae16c2082ef85e6addeeaaa8e25a643","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":689563,"id":"Q689563"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"bb021f1dbe117cea9dd3a1de3e16d17916af165b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8610733151435852","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q917207$3EBA26D9-9823-4794-9BD0-F2024DA8D338","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ea4f73e0b11f30990591e06a9f182a356c8c70c0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3440875,"id":"Q3440875"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"cfe1b19bc2f7a5b53e642a5ae4809b861334380a","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8448565006256104","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q917207$BE7BFB48-742C-4FD2-9F2E-551DE4C52938","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Optimal claim behaviour for third-party liability insurances or To claim or not to claim: that is the question","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Optimal_claim_behaviour_for_third-party_liability_insurances_or_To_claim_or_not_to_claim:_that_is_the_question"}}}}}