{"entities":{"Q945965":{"pageid":947813,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q945965","lastrevid":57254178,"modified":"2026-03-27T16:12:19Z","type":"item","id":"Q945965","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"\\(\\mathbb F_1\\)-schemes and toric varieties"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5345503"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$8F36773F-880F-40B0-B52B-DDF5E70C3F27","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"ea098d766ebca78b4b26c1b0b589cfe7f8802ac6","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"\\(\\mathbb F_1\\)-schemes and toric varieties","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$53796C6D-B365-4005-B8BB-60C4417981EC","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"686afdafda187a6ad0a2b9edd00693b06086372e","datavalue":{"value":"1152.14001","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$C308B748-5534-4274-A763-753A952CE766","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"e748f4ba95e6b583def3a82cfe585c612ca4d4db","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":210250,"id":"Q210250"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$E1D8AACF-F451-4881-B970-95459DF3BE26","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"fcf622d4faaaf9eb501926768589cf6bc6e37689","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":213743,"id":"Q213743"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$95F32F31-B8DE-4725-AADB-42449D0F29EC","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"c8003791cbe1fbc8534b176620a1611c50cccbae","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2008-09-22T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$3227B57A-E22C-46A4-A62C-2916198CA2FD","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"7d0f8f6cbef85f7ea380047ff93d08855d3fba7f","datavalue":{"value":"https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0608179","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$39D8AEAD-A0C4-4455-B874-CD744E301B82","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"f8c65419f480b331f3030b6338093f27522db6eb","datavalue":{"value":"https://eudml.org/doc/226609","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$885CB3DF-A4AF-4094-BAD5-D95731AF391F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"b143520480482ad949d650bdd60d2bbcc37476c4","datavalue":{"value":"http://www.emis.de/journals/BAG/vol.49/no.2/15.html","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$743C3AC8-A439-40AE-88A3-6669083E1233","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"04fec301d0d191e969bf71049a4df4c8f39abb6c","datavalue":{"value":"This very readable article is a collection of results on \\({\\mathbb F}_1\\)-schemes, the principle ones being definitions of flat, unramified and \u00e9tale morphisms; and (Theorem 4.1) that integral \\({\\mathbb F}_1\\)-schemes of finite type are essentially the same as toric varieties. No previous knowledge of \\({\\mathbb F}_1\\)-schemes is needed by the reader.  The idea of the ``field of one element'' \\({\\mathbb F}_1\\) has been discussed since [\\textit{J.~Tits}, Centre Belge Rech. math., Colloque d'Alg\u00e9bre sup\u00e9rieure, Bruxelles du 19 au 22 d\u00e9c. 1956, 261--289 (1957; Zbl 0084.15902)] noted some properties that such an object would have, in the context of Chevalley groups. Various approaches have been taken to defining \\({\\mathbb F}_1\\) and schemes over it; see \\textit{C.~Soul\u00e9} [Mosc.\\ Math.\\ J., 4, 217--244 (2004; Zbl 1103.14003)] and \\textit{N.~Durov} [New approach to Arakelov geometry. \\url{arXiv:0704.2030} (2007)]. In the author's previous article [in: Number fields and function fields -- two parallel worlds. Boston, MA: Birkh\u00e4user. Progress in Mathematics 239, 87--100 (2005; Zbl 1098.14003)], he showed how one can define the category of schemes over \\({\\mathbb F}_1\\) by replacing the rings occurring in the classical definition with monoids. The resulting schemes satisfy expected properties with respect to Chevalley groups and zeta functions.  This article begins with a short but clear account of the definition of the category of \\({\\mathbb F}_1\\)-schemes, as in [loc. cit.]. In Section~1, a notion of flatness of modules over monoids is defined, and hence flatness of morphisms of \\({\\mathbb F}_1\\)-schemes. Algebraic extensions of monoids are defined in Section~2, and so unramified morphisms in Section~3; this leads to the definition of an \u00e9tale morphism of \\({\\mathbb F}_1\\)-schemes. It is shown that the corresponding notion of simply connected holds in some important cases, notably that of \\({\\mathbb P}^1\\) over the algebraic closure of \\({\\mathbb F}_1\\).  Section~4 deals with toric varieties. Every toric variety is the lift of an \\({\\mathbb F}_1\\)-scheme; Theorem~4.1 gives a result in the converse direction: ``Let \\(X\\) be a connected integral \\({\\mathbb F}_1\\)-scheme of finite type. Then every irreducible component of \\(X_{\\mathbb C}\\) is a toric variety. The components of \\(X_{\\mathbb C}\\) are mutually isomorphic as toric varieties.'' Proposition~4.3 then describes explicitly the zeta function of such an \\({\\mathbb F}_1\\)-scheme.  Section~5 gives a lemma concerning valuations on monoids; Section~6 gives an example, attributed to Gabber, showing that cohomology is not defined over \\({\\mathbb F}_1\\) .","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$59CDA57F-226B-4D9A-B129-F28C5459798F","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"4b28e3ce6f422d27d66f5978706471083c8311e3","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":376676,"id":"Q376676"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$2B22AA63-55B3-48DB-A6B0-B5508B4EB175","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"a34080d6e1d663615882ff871e04330e61f89ca9","datavalue":{"value":"14A15","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$2F3C8FCE-5713-4A31-A351-A0B48C8C04A7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"62521f8705e66591e31fc8b93ff08699c4b43a75","datavalue":{"value":"14M25","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$651610E4-CA05-4238-B864-BDD2EBF781F9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"fda67124f5cab049dd5667315a74bf87fdf7c975","datavalue":{"value":"11G25","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$8FC667AC-A759-4C45-882B-B8F9E2B72D0B","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"59db2d8b5735dc8c4b201fc973694eeb729e67c7","datavalue":{"value":"5345503","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$AE6A4173-CB65-467E-B681-88AF3E558477","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"8d18f345ac997d3023661a701f38d6bfa2a49307","datavalue":{"value":"\\(\\mathbb{F}_1\\)-schemes","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$50271693-3F8A-4B51-8AE4-F5ACC8F87138","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b3069e1578ff8b80b7eead976c478646c3f98ef4","datavalue":{"value":"field of one element","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$15637421-C0C0-4B1C-ACBB-FB777090D864","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"826f829950cddde6c3e47cc76a119f5b496e4cb0","datavalue":{"value":"toric varieties","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$C3F02F9F-65D6-4704-8652-3304D8E27E11","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$03DDC1D6-E051-4337-BB2F-45E7FEC04B2D","rank":"normal"}],"P1633":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1633","hash":"24a2a9a2afd7bd767a55f3c01ef998d8e4d19306","datavalue":{"value":"bafkreidp5gf5yjg33hxqtfshywat5p4cgzc6lbzkcen6a5mf6ekar2aqr4","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q945965$C1548641-318D-4521-9075-E8F09D364F19","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d5aa4f1f7c22ef1664f828e0d0480c981e0ca841","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":444196,"id":"Q444196"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"0b20a4f737e0b166c483e425c3a0391403f5aff4","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8468979001045227","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q945965$08FC76FD-9FB6-429E-9AB6-79F583139C3E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"82db59ac45949f827015e92e2fa4f6a8935c7c07","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2430651,"id":"Q2430651"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"a9c6eda3f92c200af282ce4cfbb5a886dfc47276","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8076043725013733","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q945965$3B23FA8E-E30E-4D58-AFAC-08AA08088CF2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a4a1e04828fc22df114a0707a9e9f38e3f20486c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2827346,"id":"Q2827346"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e5f0407f9311a5d234a84adcfb5de112208b442b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.805970311164856","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q945965$4E75A2B0-AA13-4200-8D09-2612D435DC6C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"214490f9e8c9a30093de3196a9c047ff074bd143","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5482696,"id":"Q5482696"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"8b092f35924899dbdba431da220a29288581e430","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8008373975753784","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q945965$F33B9741-A31B-4128-8BDC-374A9AE85236","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"dcc9080a9291ce5d14f5d13d6e067cf5b8f2902e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":883669,"id":"Q883669"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"06454a0a0afc59a01b17d6a3ea0cf3b7f22bd102","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.796737790107727","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q945965$CD7F5EC0-3342-4D43-BB18-54966D2DB57B","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:945965","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:945965"}}}}}