Asymptotic representations of solutions of essentially nonlinear second-order differential equations (Q946095)

Let \(\alpha _{0}\in \{ -1,1\} \), \(p: [a,\omega )\to (0,+\infty ) \; (-\infty <a<\omega <+\infty )\) is a continuous function, and \(\varphi : I\to (0,+\infty)\) (\(I\) is a left or right neighborhood of \(y_{0}\), \(|y_{0}|\leq +\infty \)) is a twice continuously differentiable function satisfying for \(y\in I\), \(\varphi _{0}\in \{0,+\infty \}\), \(\gamma \) real and \(\neq 0\) and for \(y\to y_{0}\), \[ \varphi '(y) \neq 0 , \quad \varphi (y) \to \varphi _{0} , \quad \varphi ''(y)\varphi (y)/ \varphi \prime^{2}(y) \to \gamma. \] The authors study the asymptotics for \(t\to \omega -0\) of a class \(P\) of solutions of the equation \[ y'' = \alpha _{0}p(t)\varphi (y). \] The class \(P\) consists of solutions \(y(t)\) of (2) defined in an interval \([t_{y},\omega ) \subseteq [a,\omega )\) satisfying for \(t\to \omega -0\) with \(z(t) := \varphi (y(t))\) the following \[ z(t)\to 0 \text{ (or to} +\infty) , z'(t)\to 0 \text{ (or to} \pm \infty), \;z''(t)z(t)/z\prime^{2}(t)\to \lambda. \] Then, some necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained such that equation (2) possesses solutions \(y(t)\in P\) with the precise asymptotic representation as \(t\to \omega -0\) for \(\varphi '(y(t))\) and for \(y'(t)/ \varphi (y(t))\) as given in the paper. An interesting feature of that result is that it holds both when \(\omega = \infty \) or when \(\omega \) is some real number (in which case solutions may e.g. blow up at the point \(\omega \)). A very instructive example is included. The use of the Schauder-Tychonoff fixed point theorem is essential for the proof. Reviewer's remark. If \(y_{0} = +\infty \) (or \(0\)) then in the third condition in (1) \(\gamma \) must be \(\leq 1\). Moreover, if \(\gamma <1\), then \(\varphi (y)\) is \textit{regularly varying at \(\infty \) (or at \(0\)) in the sense of Karamata of index \((1-\gamma )^{-1}\)} and if \(\gamma = 1\) then \(\varphi (y)\) is \textit{rapidly varying} in that sense at \(\infty \) (or at \(0\)). (see [\textit{V. Marić}, Regular Variation and Differential Equations. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. 1726. (Berlin): Springer. (2000; Zbl 0946.34001)], Lemma 3.2 and 3.3). (For the theory and applications of Karamata functions see [\textit{N. H. Bingham} et al. Regular variation. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its applications, Vol. 27. (Cambridge) etc.: Cambridge University Press. (1987; Zbl 0617.26001)]). A similar remark holds for the third condition in (3).