{"entities":{"Q991184":{"pageid":993032,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q991184","lastrevid":65898183,"modified":"2026-04-12T06:07:54Z","type":"item","id":"Q991184","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Distance \\(k\\)-sectors exist"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5777766"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$4DD468ED-FF7C-4757-9558-0888F0ABFD84","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"b0e1a7cc7e41b41c494d0cd0bd24c3a254b95d5d","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Distance \\(k\\)-sectors exist","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$6D09044B-6BF1-4290-885B-3D81993F5790","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"e5c09839f993f758dcf92602ad43c5a7b6974d5c","datavalue":{"value":"1205.65118","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$BFABDE6A-7F3A-441D-9F2B-C43A4FDA7E53","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"99bfdae354609d2a1772cb88d635b4bf3714d8d1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":378223,"id":"Q378223"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$E505F1AA-7A15-4380-B7AA-A04D8A3798DA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"b919ad129122d44d1e7f4e74da51baf354a7124d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":344858,"id":"Q344858"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$B0ACF399-2A63-4553-9BDB-C87EC4D23CCB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"5242d358fcaac808659ccd7a62e076bbda6784ea","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":473175,"id":"Q473175"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$22EBEB1B-9142-4F1E-87A4-EBF5F8800EC4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"4ab9b36365ea89b5744987722fb720ca24be58fb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":202562,"id":"Q202562"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$DFAB262C-A0DE-4C30-BB35-01F42EA82A55","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"d5205659b4c2831752a8f8604dc5b3ce7b9439fa","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":818688,"id":"Q818688"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$249B4CB2-4A98-4DA2-ACFE-DC9F090F571A","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"285beb29e5e30a7ba8792191178d7f52682884ef","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":175378,"id":"Q175378"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$02423841-115B-4FEF-A0E5-F3FD148AF08F","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"d9c8db179f9c66121cffb2b883a8a32d7415ee58","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2010-09-02T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$FFEE22F5-9188-48F7-8787-F94A6A944F32","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"87776ab7e6aa5b57dc1f5a9afd60dc24ee77523a","datavalue":{"value":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0912.4164","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$F0121475-5974-4C99-AADC-438A008F1696","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"791bf348642cd8355ec6a7365cb47fa661d470c9","datavalue":{"value":"Since the seminal paper of \\textit{T. Asano, J. Matou\u0161ek} and \\textit{T. Tokuyama} [Adv. Math. 212, No.~1, 338--360 (2003; Zbl 1185.68768)] a lot of recent work has been done. The paper under review is devoted to the notion of distance \\(k\\)-sectors: A distance \\(k\\)-sector of two disjoint, nonempty, closed sets \\(P\\) and \\(Q\\) in Euclidean spaces, where \\(k \\geqslant 2\\) is an integer, is a \\((k - 1)\\)-tuple \\((C_{1},C_{2},\\dots ,C_{k - 1})\\) such that \\(C_i\\) is the bisector of \\(C_{i - 1}\\) and \\(C_{i+1}\\) for every \\(i=1,2,\\dots ,k - 1\\), where \\(C_{0}=P\\) and \\(C_k=Q\\).  A new notion of \\(k\\)-gradation for \\(P\\) and \\(Q\\) is introduced and its existence (even in an arbitrary metric space) is obtained using the Knaster-Tarski fixed point theorem. The existence of \\(k\\)-sectors is achieved then as a consequence. The use of a fixed point theorem to prove the existence of the distance trisector curve between two points was already conjectured in the cited paper.  A final part of the paper is devoted to discuss the computational methods that can be used to draw \\(k\\)-sectors (approximation by polygons, pixelization, etc.\\dots). The analysis of time complexity is left as a future research problem.  Uniqueness remains as an open problem. It is only conjectured in the Euclidean space. An example for the \\(\\ell_1\\) metric in the plane is shown where different \\(3\\)-sectors are obtained for the same pair of sets \\(P,Q\\). The plane with the \\(\\ell_1\\) metric is a geodesic metric space because for every two distinct points \\(x,y\\in {\\mathbb R}^2\\) there is a metric segment connecting them, i.e., an isometry mapping \\(\\gamma:[a,b]\\to {\\mathbb R}^2\\) of an interval \\([a,b]\\subset{\\mathbb R}^2\\) with \\(\\gamma(a) = x\\) and \\(\\gamma(y) = b\\). Nevertheless there is a difference with other geodesic metric space. With the \\(\\ell_1\\) metric, the set of points between \\(x\\) and \\(y\\), i.e., \\(\\{z\\in{\\mathbb R}^2| d_1(x,z) + d_1(z,y) = d_1(x,y)\\), is not just the image of a metric segment, but, in general, a two dimensional subset. This behavior could be responsible of the non uniqueness of \\(k\\)-sectors for the \\(\\ell_1\\) metric in the plane.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$7A73FDDB-3F00-4B50-BA4F-BA7FC3760B2C","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"cddb9b56278140b4e4b3e2560891aea6b6cd8a4b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":478831,"id":"Q478831"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$03E75BFC-0787-4E20-8A0D-7F652C2AEF41","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"2ce72165d993b0b8ed97728d731d2db2473b9554","datavalue":{"value":"65D18","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$47BB17CA-0008-429C-8AAB-F6A4EA13D296","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"159426a5937e62cfbbcc198dd4848ab52d6e715e","datavalue":{"value":"68U05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$F9304646-B246-4FE2-B325-C22FF1F2C785","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"b143b79160ecbd84018a9432f7528f4f2e56eb50","datavalue":{"value":"51M04","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$AD0E4481-3D9B-4BE4-9C78-F5F1734846AE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"e5762e9b09407c15760c5fa5cac71c82c32bf230","datavalue":{"value":"52A10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$EBEA38C6-588F-4A6D-8CE1-F8E0D9508E86","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"906f8bd46aed3fce8e5d562e121e6fb33bc1f88f","datavalue":{"value":"5777766","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$C347F221-9216-47AF-A3CF-53ED52AB58D0","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b9d518025a415fa51abcb8d4bc1d361e5fdb3a15","datavalue":{"value":"distance \\(k\\)-sectors","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$98AABB2D-886E-4C31-8442-2C17C085E2B0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"968cee734fb9e6ca9f77d0b0d7040f11c3aa627e","datavalue":{"value":"Knaster-Tarski fixed point theorem","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$181CD2FB-9253-4E4D-BFCA-E7C1AEB231D8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"20f87686e57cd5798939eefa169b80e212af9083","datavalue":{"value":"metric space","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$B526EAC8-5A81-44CB-B34C-77BB4BCF076B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b418eab3bb85b8bf545f2623bc168e5a40d495db","datavalue":{"value":"distance trisector curve","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$03FD475B-5ED9-43B3-BACB-E4C2B905DC15","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"a9b86cd84094b9b213d4cc4362fa44d5551f4bf2","datavalue":{"value":"Euclidean space","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$F19C2FD7-748A-49D4-BC2A-5174E6FBB237","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"14e5f059ab5cfd420fc35c0d5741623ec7b63f4a","datavalue":{"value":"geodesic metric space","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$873FA182-3B09-4D2C-9F99-A2FDBA5DB6E4","rank":"normal"}],"P12":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P12","hash":"b7b44ad1e292352f5cc97775473c467bd3f35748","datavalue":{"value":"Q56766510","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$33631507-A663-44A3-996C-006E68AB355B","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$23D787AD-CD73-4366-9945-EBFBC0C7A260","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"ccb6cda5f08b8e6b13f0d889003c47ab718b6d17","datavalue":{"value":"W2568903863","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$8940736F-1CDD-47E2-9C6A-ADB2A9F0472F","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"c88b9580ecc21a08441cf401c68ddf1a5017ac82","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3519393,"id":"Q3519393"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$9EF9B134-E430-4A3D-A556-F5D13276344A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"81c7f56e812759ddedaafcea9308ec2d72ad1b8a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5899414,"id":"Q5899414"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$1D1C07A5-5ADC-40F7-922F-E414B9D533AC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"9920c030b11abe38461208150f3252197c1aab55","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5405884,"id":"Q5405884"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$7F52F661-DBCA-49BB-B07D-2ADBE6D95041","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"9e7eef329c30122475058db72e5d6c22a7ce1355","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5405885,"id":"Q5405885"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$799066F2-496E-4AA0-80EC-8702A01CA515","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"35476279f0694f5140dee2187d3d92e25244548d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5505096,"id":"Q5505096"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$485FBDD5-2820-4315-957E-BA3A93069FA3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e320d5ab20d9378e83c08a862b63bf2725892d4a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2653567,"id":"Q2653567"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$613EC5E6-B023-472D-8EA5-AF1BBD5D74A7","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"08559804d4c7a461bec80f66cc00f90ced82746e","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/J.COMGEO.2010.05.001","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q991184$78FEC15F-9898-4AD4-B48C-F43DE87E3C1D","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"6fa6424692863cf931993200d57359de9a53eb3b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5405884,"id":"Q5405884"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"78a0c03f17ed98234334bae0a04fc9473f56b40b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.9825871586799622","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q991184$1345A1C7-A285-4CB2-AA40-6E2DBA105778","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"dc02f010b80190a5a1599caae593879138367fdc","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2872125,"id":"Q2872125"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"2c83b5c07dfd7a7602c13b17d2d1a6130aa2c152","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8205463290214539","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q991184$9EE5993A-10AD-4783-81B0-049C15E1C99C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"0418335de86ab9917a9f2b3f45e0bdc9a4ccee8b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5929325,"id":"Q5929325"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"bc5150ba5c5d1aa9487da67af3a821a617a3cafe","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.743248701095581","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q991184$DD3EDB8F-F8FD-4CF4-844B-69755B96B3EC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"dfafd96a7b794335ec6e2c7861f37577daf9fcc1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4517088,"id":"Q4517088"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"ebd6ed383708760ef9f24e71533cb6877ea710e8","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7340421080589294","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q991184$A9E61327-F8A4-4B20-9CB2-53BACF20B24E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a078a71c55ab7ad3aa5357db4cb217bd192f2198","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4880209,"id":"Q4880209"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"da3440ed1d891cc36e7f47989c46ca7735741e82","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7317065596580505","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q991184$41346983-4058-4227-82A8-431B0047FF2D","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Distance \\(k\\)-sectors exist","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Distance_%5C(k%5C)-sectors_exist"}}}}}