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The answer is `a lot', as this article will demonstrate. Indeed, it was a historical milestone of mathematical biology that revealed some fundamental insights into the nature of mutations during the 1940s. An unresolved question in those days was: `Are mutations due to directed adaptation to environmental change or do they occur spontaneously, in a random way?' Today, the answer is basic knowledge in genetics and many textbooks briefly describe the crucial experiment, along with some plausibility arguments. It is less well-known, however, that it was a fascinating interaction of theory and experiment that made this breakthrough possible. 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