Multidimensional periodic Schrödinger operator. Perturbation theory and applications (Q2339776): Difference between revisions

The present book is devoted to the spectral theory of the multi-dimensional Schrödinger operator \(L(q)\) generated by the differential expression \(-\Delta u(x)+q(x)u(x)\). \(q(x)\) is a real periodic, relative to a crystal lattice potential.\(u(x)\) is the eigenfunction of the Schrödinger operator. The differential expression is applied to describe the motion of a particle in bulk matter. The book consists of five chapters. The first chapter presents preliminary definitions and statements, from the points of view of both physicists and mathematicians, to be used in the next chapters. For instance, definitions of lattices, periodic functions, Brillouin zones, Schrödinger operator, Bloch eigenvalues, Bloch functions, diffraction planes, band structures and Fermi surfaces are given. Besides, a brief discussion of the perturbation theory of \(L(q)\) with a periodic potential is included. It is told, what is known from literature and what will be presented in this book. In the second chapter, a perturbation theory for the multidimensional Schrödinger operator with periodic potential is constructed. Here, first the resonance and non-resonance eigenvalues of \(L(q)\) are defined. Then, asymptotic formulas of arbitrary order are obtained for the Bloch eigenvalues when the corresponding quasimomentum lies in the non-resonance \(U\) and resonance \(V\) domains. Then, asymptotic formulae for the Bloch functions are found under the condition that the quasimomentum lies in a set \(B \subset U\) which has asymptotically full measure in the momentum (reciprocal) space. Moreover, the measures of the isoenergetic surfaces in the high-energy region are constructed and estimated, which implies the validity of the Bethe-Sommerfeld conjecture for arbitrary dimension and arbitrary lattice. This conjecture was formulated in 1928 and claims that there exists only a finite number of gaps in the spectrum \(\sigma(L(q))\) of \(L(q)\). Note that the construction of the perturbation theory of \(L(q)\) is connected with the investigation of the complicated picture of the crystal diffraction. The regular perturbation theory does not work in this case, since the Bloch eigenvalues of the free operator are situated very close to each other in the high-energy region. At the end of chapter 2, asymptotic formulas for Bloch functions are obtained when the corresponding quasimomentum lies in a set \(B_\delta\subset v\) which is near to the diffraction hyperplane. Using the asymptotic formulas obtained at the end of the second chapter, in Chapter 3 a family of the spectral invariants of \(L(q)\) is determined constructively from the given Bloch eigenvalues. Some of the invariants generalize well-known invariants, and others are entirely new. The new invariants are explicitly expressed by the Fourier coefficients of the potential, that means the potential can be constructively determined by using the Bloch eigenvalues as the input data. In the fourth chapter, the inverse problems of the 3D-Schrödinger operator with a periodic potential \(q\) are considered applying the spectral invariants obtained in the third chapter. First, a set of trigonometric polynomials is constructed, which (a) is dense in the Soboliev space \(W_2^s(F)\), where \(s>3\), in the \(C^\infty\)-topology and (b) every element of this set can be determined constructively and uniquely, modulo inversion \(x\rightarrow-x\) and translations \(x\rightarrow x+\tau\) for \(\tau\in R^3\), from the given spectral invariants that were determined constructively from the given Bloch eigenvalues. Then, a special class \(V\) of the periodic potentials is constructed, which can be easily and constructively determined from the spectral invariants and hence from the given Bloch eigenvalues. Moreover, the stability of the algorithm for the unique determination of the potential \(q\in V\) of the 3D-Schrödinger operator is considered, with respect to the spectral invariants and Bloch eigenvalues. In the fifth chapter, the results of the book are summarized from the point of view of both physicists and mathematicians.