Embedding of semigroups of Lipschitz maps into positive linear semigroups on ordered Banach spaces generated by measures (Q733631): Difference between revisions

The authors study, for a metric space \(S\), the relations between the the space of finite Borel measures and some Banach spaces of Lipschitz functions. Here, \((S, d)\) is a metric space, \(\text{Lip}(S)\) the space of all real-valued Lipschitz functions on \(S\) with Lipschitz semi-norm \(|f|_{\text{Lip}}\), \(BL(S)\) the Banach space of bounded Lipschitz functions with norm \( \| f \|_{BL} =\|f \|_{\infty} +|f|_{\text{Lip}}\), and \(\text{Lip}_{e}(S)\) the Banach space when \(\text{Lip}(S)\) is given the norm \( \|f \|_{e} = |f(e)| + |f|_{\text{Lip}}\) for an \( e \in S\). \( \mathcal{M}(S)\) is the vector space of all bounded Borel measures on \(S\), and \(\mathcal{M}_{1}(S) =\{\mu \in \mathcal{M}(S): \int d(x,e) d |\mu| (x) < \infty \} \) with the norm \(\| \mu \|_{1}= \int \max(1, d(x,e))\;d |\mu| (x)\). \(\mathcal{S}_{BL}\) is the closure of the linear space of discrete Borel measure on \(S\) in \(BL(S)^{\ast}\) and \(\mathcal{S}_{e}\) is the closure of the linear space of discrete Borel measure on \(S\) in \(\text{Lip}_{e}^{\ast}\); \(\mathcal{S}_{BL}^{+}\) is the closure of the cone of non-negative discrete Borel measure on \(S\) in \(BL(S)^{\ast}\) and \(\mathcal{S}_{e}^{+}\) is the closure of the cone of non-negative discrete Borel measure on \(S\) in \(\text{Lip}_{e}^{\ast}\). A \(\mu \in \mathcal{M}(S)\) is called separable if there is a separable Borel set \(B \subset S\) such that \( |\mu|(S \setminus B) =0\); \( \mathcal{M}_{s}(S)\) is the set of all separable measures. \(\text{Lip}(S, S)\) is the space of Lipschitz maps \(\Phi: (S, d) \to (S, d) \). \( (\Phi_{t})_{t \geq 0} \subset \text{Lip}(S, S)\), satisfying the conditions \( \Phi_{t} \circ \Phi_{s}= \Phi_{t+s}, \; \Phi_{0}=\text{Id}_{S}\), is called a Lipschitz semigroup on \(S\). This Lipschitz semigroup is called strongly continuous if \( t \to \Phi_{t}(x)\) is continuous for all \(x \in S\). A Lipschitz semigroup \( (\Phi)_{t \geq 0}\) gives rise to a semigroup of bounded linear operators \( (S_{\Phi}(t))_{t \geq 0}\) , \(S_{\Phi}(t): \text{Lip}_{e}(S) \to \text{Lip}_{e}(S), \; S_{\Phi}(t)(f)= f \circ \Phi_{t}\); this semigroup gives the semigroup of dual operators \( (S_{\Phi}^{\ast}(t))_{t \geq 0}\), which further gives a semigroup of bounded linear operators \( (\Hat{T}_{\Phi}(t))_{t \geq 0}\), \(\Hat{T}_{\Phi}(t): \mathcal{S}_{e} \to \mathcal{S}_{e}, \; \Hat{T}_{\Phi}(t) \varphi = S_{\Phi}^{\ast}(t) \varphi\). Many results are proved about the relations between these sets and mappings. The following are some of the results: (i) \(\mathcal{S}_{e}^{\ast} \) is isometrically isomorphic to \(\text{Lip}_{e}(S)\) and \(\mathcal{S}_{BL}^{\ast} \) is isometrically isomorphic to \(BL(S)\). (ii) \(\mathcal{M}_{s}^{+} \subset \mathcal{S}_{BL}^{+}\) and \(\mathcal{M}_{s}^{+} = \mathcal{S}_{BL}^{+}\) iff \(S\) is complete. \(\mathcal{M}_{s, 1}^{+} \subset \mathcal{S}_{e}^{+}\) and \(\mathcal{M}_{s}^{+} = \mathcal{S}_{e}^{+}\) iff \(S\) is complete. (iii) \( \mathcal{S}_{BL} \cap BL(S)^{\ast}_{+}= {S}_{BL}^{+}\) and \( \mathcal{S}_{e} \cap \text{Lip}_{e}(S)^{\ast}_{+} = \mathcal{S}_{e}^{+}\). (iv) For every \( x, y \in S\) and every \( s, t \geq 0\), \(d( \Phi_{s}(x), \Phi_{t}(y)) = \| \Hat{T}_{\Phi}(s) \delta_{x} - \Hat{T}_{\Phi}(t) \delta_{y} \|_{e}^{\ast}\). Also, some equivalent characterizations of strong continuity of \( (\Hat{T}_{\Phi}(t))_{t \geq 0}\) on \(\mathcal{S}_{e}\), in terms of strong continuity of \( (\Phi_{t})_{t \geq 0}\) and some other conditions, are given.