On Besov spaces modelled on Zygmund spaces (Q320334)

On the \(d\)-torus \(\mathbb T^d\) the periodic Besov spaces \(B^s_{p,q}\) with \(1<p<\infty\), \(1\leq q<\infty\), \(s\in \mathbb R\) are introduced in the usual way, normed by \[ \| f\,| B^s_{p,q} \|=\Big( \sum^\infty_{k=0} \big( 2^{ks} \| F^{-1} (\phi_k Ff) \, | L_p\|\big)^q \Big)^{1/q},\tag{*} \] where \(\{ \phi_k \}\) is the standard smooth resolution of unity whereas \(F\), \(F^{-1}\) refer to the (trigonometric) Fourier transform and its inverse. Replacing \(L_p\) by the Zygmund spaces \(L_p (\log L)_a\) with \(a\in \mathbb R\) and specifying \(q=p\), one obtains the refinement \(B^s_p \big( L_p (\log L)_a \big)\). Another refinement can be obtained via extrapolation techniques resulting in the spaces \(B^s_p (\log B)_a\), normed by \[ \| f \, | B^s_p (\log B)_a \| = \Big( \sum_{j =j_0}^\infty 2^{jap} \big\| f \, | B^s_{p^j,p} \big\|^p \Big)^{1/p}, \] for some \(j_0 \in \mathbb N\), where \(a<0\) and \(\frac{1}{p^j} = \frac{1}{p} + \frac{2^{-j}}{d}<1\). There is a counterpart with \(a>0\). It is the main aim of this paper to compare these two types of refinements resulting in \[ B^s_p \big( L_p (\log L)_a \big) = B^s_p (\log B)_a, \qquad a \in \mathbb R, \] (Theorems 3.8 and 3.10). In addition, some interpolation (limiting cases), duality and embeddings in limiting cases, especially \(s = d/p\), are considered. Furthermore, the above spaces are compared (via embeddings) with the spaces \(B^{s,a}_{p,q}\) where \(2^{ks}\) in (*) is replaced by \(2^{ks} (1+k)^{a}\).