Landesman-Lazer type problems at an eigenvalue of odd multiplicity (Q1813166)

One typical result of this paper is that the equation \(Lu-\lambda u+ F(u)=h\) has at least one solution if \(\lambda\in [0,\lambda_ +]\), and at least two solutions if \(\lambda\in [\lambda_ -,0)\) provided that \(\langle h,y\rangle > \liminf_{n\to\infty} \langle F(t_ n y_ n+t^ \alpha_ n z_ n),y\rangle\) for \(y_ n\to y\in N(L)\), \(\| y_ n\|=1\), \(t_ n\to\infty\), \(z_ n\) some bounded sequence, \(\alpha\in [0,1)\). Here \(L\) is a linear Fredholm operator (with index zero) on a Banach space \(X\) having zero as an eigenvalue of odd multiplicity. The perturbation \(F\) is sublinear, i.e. \(\| F(u)\|\leq c\| u\|^ \alpha+d\), and \(\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle\) denotes some bilinear form on \(X\times X\). The proof is based on the theory of topological degree and bifurcation theory. The result applies to semilinear ODE and PDE.